Physilogical birth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physilogical suffer - Essay ExamplePhysiologic rescue is often relegated in the periphery, particularly by nurses tasked with giving care to pregnant women on the verge of the delivery process. Noteworthy, it is suddenly pointless to intervene if such is not necessary. Physiological birth should, thus, be promoted to erase the horrible birth memories. As Jenifer Block notes in her piece titled Pushed The Painful Truth about Childbirth and sophisticated Maternity Care, a woman is more likely to have a positive birth experience when she feels in control. Such thoughts and emotions lessen the impact of labor pains.Interestingly, the doulas, the check box birth plan, the Bradley method, Lamaze, and hypnobirthing classes only if give women some sense of control. The question is, if all these give pregnant women the needed control, then why are there only 20% having optimal birth experiences, with a whooping 43% suffering morbidity in childbirth? asks Block (2007). The answer seems quite straight forward as it is a corking deal of misunderstanding exists over what physiological birth really means. Consequently, that very misunderstanding finds its way to collapse that special moment of happiness due to knowledge inadequacy.While Obstetricians are trained to intervene in cases of emergencies, it is important to incorporate the perceptive lenses of natural birth when rendering care to the laboring women. As a specialist trained in this area, I will not only spread the very sizeableness of physiological birth, beginning with my own family, but ensure as a medic that I only intervene when it is absolutely

What makes people attractive to others Research Paper

What makes battalion attractive to others - Research Paper ExampleThe two approximately exciting punt incidences about life in college for teenage men is the possibility of development of a relationship away from relatives either just friendship or romantic. The paper posits that college men become attracted to others when they pick out an admirable quality in them. The paper outlines these qualities and their effects in attractiveness. The secret identified in the password as overlaying attraction is self revere. Attractive people judge neither themselves nor other people. They are lax to all love gestures directed to them. This makes their character to be viewed in a positive light. They express their love in every way and think about it most of the time. With such an attitude no trial thoughts about others can clog their mind. According to Harper, college men should understand that human interactions are vital in acquiring a sense of well-being, happiness and self esteem (402). The paper also stresses on the randy as well as physical well-being because, at their age, the community expects college men to be snappy some(prenominal) physically and emotionally. This implies that one whitethorn be physically healthy but emotionally challenged pencil lead to overall adverse effects on their interactions. It will also be difficult for a young man to sustain a meaningful relationship if they lack emotional stability. DISCUSSION The education shape of college men demands that much of their thinking capacity be preoccupied by academic issues not life shocks and stresses. This is an indication that if one does not uphold proper interactive tendencies towards people, his academic performance will sure be affected negatively. When they discover that people do not like them, emotions run the gamut from defensive exasperation to a feeling of deep pain and enormous sadness. One should focus on improving both his physical and emotional character while stream lining self attitude towards other people. However, young college men may look physically tattered, frail and unattractive if they do not embrace a healthy lifestyle. reasoned people engage in some form of daily exercise alongside healthy diets to support the physical stability of their energetic bodies. One should indulge in this because they respect themselves and not aiming to impress others. The outline can entail the involvement of a group activity. This promotes positive interactions with the group members. Attractive people say their emotional wellbeing through allowing themselves time to focus. This detaches them from adrenaline negative impacts such as distractions and clutters (Davenport range 32). thither are many virtues that one needs to acquire to ensure they are attractive to other people especially the college mates and the teaching staff. It is eminent for one to develop his personal operating system (Davenport point 1). This can be accomplished through curving out and defining their philosophy, values, interests and reality than blindly encompass that of their peers and the community at large. When people understand your likes and dislikes, the interactive attitude they portray upon you will be relate to the stipulated principles. Expressing ones personality indicates that one accepts who they are. Therefore, people interact with the real self and not a fake personality. Accepting who we are requires personal sacrifice as one lets go of the need for confirmation (Davenport point 2). Attractive people speak constructively and attach sense in whatever they discuss. Although the trustworthy trends among the peers associate naughty-boy image with attractiveness towards young ladies, this notion is short-lived and causes harm to self-worth

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Homework - Coursework Example investiture in securities by companies leads to the creation of capital markets. This capital market results due to the widespread ownership, which leads to better assignation of resources thus improving the economic growth. Investment in securities such as fixed income securities ensures more of its financial support is d unmatchable through issuing of bonds. This results in an advantage of cash flows to the fixed income securities as the interest payments (John, 2008).another(prenominal) benefit of the securities in the investment of a company is that the securities ar not limited to physical assets. It ensures the non-liquidity assets are pooled and shares in the diversified pool are and so issued. This ensures that the complicated process of investment is simplified so making it easy and efficient.It reduces risk by maximizing returns due to invest in different categories that answer in a different way to the same happening. This is because if a company has only a portfolio of railway, then all trains are involved in a strike then the railway company leave experience great loss but if the company had a diversification of trains and buses only part of the portfolio would be affected (Chris, 2011). There is a possibility that the road stock prices would increase, as the passengers will turn to the buses as alternative means of transportation.Diversification of different assets classes minimizes risk as they react opposite to adverse situations. conversion in asset divisions such as stocks and bonds, ensures that if there is a negative effect in one it will be counterbalanced by positive results in the other one (Chris,

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics - Research Paper ExampleEthics trick be written or unwritten depending with the extent of the interaction between parties. Some of the written lessonity that a person must follow argon contracts and warning signs such as this is a non fastball zone. Failure to follow such regulations may have negative effects to the other(a)(a) parties (Howie, 1987, p.17). Business moral philosophy are moral principles that guide business people to earn their profits without having to infringe losses or doing harm to the other party. Some of the major principles include principle of common practiced, principle of beneficence, principle of evaluate of autonomy etc. These principles guide the interaction between two parties by putting boundaries and outlining the expected port by those individuals when transacting their activities. If not followed, the other parties might suffer. One of example where ethics are not followed in doing business is tarnishing the name and product s of the competitor in order to increase the size of the target customers. Business is accordingly expected to compete in a neutral ground without doing any harm to each other (Howie, 1987). Importance of business ethics One of the major importances of business ethics is ensuring that there is a good coexistence between business personnel or corporations. The main aim of any business is to make profits. As a vector sum, some business goes to an extra mile of using unethical means to ensure that they appropriate the competitors in order to increase their profit margin. One of the examples of unethical behavior is a business person purchasing all the products of the competitor in the market in order to reduce customer consignment towards the products of the competitor. When ethical principles are keenly followed, businesses are able to exist peacefully without any of them doing harm to the other (Brooks, Dunn, 2009, pp. 66). Business ethics improves customer loyalty towards the pr oducts or services. Currently, customers are very keen on what they are consuming and the source of the product. As a result, they keep on monitoring the ethical standards of their preferred corporation or businesses. If the business acts unethically be it through its transaction or even employees being unethical this may have an adverse repercussion. This tarnishes the image of the company/business, an aspect that reduces trust of the customers towards the product. This behavior may result to reduced revenue of which can lead to collapsing of the business. This case can also give the competitors a agonistical advantage as they can use unethical behavior by the business to lure customers to get their products (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2009, p. 79). Business ethics improves customer relation. Moral conduct of a business plays a greater social occasion in attracting customers to the business (Kline, 2010, p. 39). Customers like to be associated with a business that has a clean reputation. Poor moral values by the business distance the customers from the business. Therefore, employees hold a very important part in enhancing customer relations. Business ethics increases shop equity. Brand equity is the public valuation of business brand name. The brand name attracts investors towards the business. This increase capital that the business holds therefore enabling the business to compete effectively in the market. This capital is also used in diversification of the company operations therefore enabli

The XX band, album XX review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The XX striation, record album XX review - Article ExampleThe album received positive reviews and has just released a second album, The Co- Exist. (Rodgers). History of the XX band The xx band is an indie scratch off band organize in 2008 based in London. It released their submission album in 2009. The band has four members, Romey Madley Croft, Oliver Sim, Jamie Smith s a good deal known as Jamie xx and Baria Qureshi who left the band in 2009 after the first album. The band members examine music together at the Elliot School and have known each other for years. The band was ranked highly in the best of 2009 lists. It was number 1 on the Guardian list and 2nd on the NME. In 2010 the band won the Mercury prize for their debut album. They have just released their second album Co-Exist on 10th September 2012. The name of the band XX is not the chromosomes or kisses but more(prenominal) seen as mysterious marks. Their eponymous debut album in term of music and lyrics has traces o f Pixies and Aaliyah. Caius Pawson founder of the vernal Turks label an imprint of XL signed them up after listening to them perform at conf apply gigs and became their manager. Creativity Making of the Album XX Romney Madley Croft is the tattleer cum guitarist of the band. She is sweet natured and soft spoken. She is unable(predicate) of uttering a line that does not have a come on. She adores Mariah C ary. In the songs Islands and Basis distance her voice is pleasant and has a soft vibe. She is reflective about a subject that is something not often associated with teenagers. Oliver Sim, the bassist, feels up through his responsive vocals and ever present bass. His voice is papery and has a sticking point. Oliver is obsess by Aaliyah and this can be seen in their music. Romy and Sim may not have the best voices but they sing together because they have something to say. They provide plenty of friction to their music and bring a lot of agitation to the music. Baria Qureishi was the guitarist cum blusherboard player and responsible for drums, but left the band after the bands debut album under unclear circumstances (Rodgers). Jamie Smith known as Jamie xx is the bands producer. He created a sound world where the simplest chord change was full of emotion. The first exertion acquainted listeners to music that expressed the guitar. He is a producer who is adventurous and open minded compared to other young producers. He is hungry to incorporate all manners of sounds and approaches to music. The bands music is pop music about sex and interpersonal relationships. They are not fashionistas but definitely their influence is potent. They are strongly influenced by R&B. The XX band makes electronic edged music that is ghostly, low key and enigmatic as their curious name. The connections to the different types of music they adore gives their music an atmosphere of simplicity. The group caused a stir during their gigs in London before being signed up by Young Turks (Rodgers). The debut album XX The eponymous debut album was self titled xx. The first album filled a void that most music lovers did not know exist. Their music was new where some(prenominal) currents of music flowed. xx the song was like a whispered secret. It incorporated hushed voices through the affect of subtraction with a daring sense of space. Crofts voice in the first album used gently picked lines that were

Signs of armageddon in Islamic and Christian faith Research Paper

Signs of armageddon in Islamic and Christian credence - Research Paper Example dickens religions, but they both share a belief that rescuer get out return and that the world will descend into chaos in order to prepare commonwealth for deep repentance.The revelation of St. John is the foundation of the belief in the apocalypse of the followers of Christ in Christianity. The revelation is specific in its mention of how the information is revealed to John, that signs from the Angel of God would be sent and that he must share the signs with the Churches of Asia. While seven churches are mentioned, this may be more a unfathomed reference than an actual number (Steiner, 2008, p. 242). The number seven is used repeatedly throughout the bible as a sacred number, found in Mark with the feeding of the masses where five loaves of bread and two fishes were used to feed thousands and in Acts where seven non-Jewish Christians are asked to serve (Mahan, 2001, p. 16). There are seven approved sacraments baptism, confirmation, Euchrist, penance, orders, matrimony and unction of the sick (Kamil, 2002, p. 219). As well there are seven deadly sins pride, envy, sloth, gluttony, anger, lust, and dresser (Bromiley and Fahlbusch, 2008, p. 25). Seven is also a prominent number within the apocalypse.There are seven seals that, when clear, will move the world closer towards the apocalyptic ending. The first quatern seals reveal a horse and rider, the four becoming the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse conquest, famine, war, and death. The fifth seal is the vision of the martyrs, with the sixth seal being opened to reveal an earthquake. The break of the seventh seal will herald in the time of judgment which is the opening of the apocalypse (Bromiley and Fahlbusch, 2008, p. 26). The traditional use of the number seven continues the theme of the beginning of the apocalypse, suggestive of the hidden reputation of the actual events that will transpire as it is shrouded in meaningful symbolism.The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse have been a powerful image to both believers and to

Why white-collar crimes are committed (criminology theory) Essay

wherefore professional crimes are committed (criminology hypothesis) - Essay ExampleEdwin H. Sutherland coined the term professional crime in 1940 and his theory states that skilled crime occurs because of exposure to other white-collar criminals, called the Differential Association Theory. This holds true today, although theories of criminology have been broadened and do more complex due to the advent of new technologies that enable new kinds of white-collar crime. Still, Sutherlands theory seems to assume the most sense in terms of why white-collar crime has become so prevalent.The unbiased pain vs. pleasure theory also applies, to a point. White-collar crime is often committed with a systematic deployment of certain trans make outions, either personal or electronic, that shifts assets from peerless place to another (the white-collar criminals hands).If we look at the more common views of white collar crime that have come to popular attention in recent years, we can star t with Ford Motors in the 1970s three young women were killed in an accident involving a Ford Pinto it was found that the gas tank feeder tube in the bole was in a vulnerable position and prone to explode upon impact in a rear collision. Ford saw that re-fitting the tubes would increase the production cost of each car by about 11 dollars, so the company refrained from making any changes for seven years finally, Ford was forced to recall the cars (W. action Feinstein, 1996). This would be one profile of white-collar crime negligence with the motivation to retain profits. In this case, the victims were the d or so people who died as a result of the defective gas feed tubes.In addition to the Differential Association theory is the Self Control Theory Of Delinquency, also applied to white-collar criminals. Defined as acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self hobby (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990, p. 15), one can see where the Ford crime fit within this theory, the corpor ation being the self in self-interest.A look at the famed S&L scandal in the 1980s is an example of how white-collar crime affects the economy. The basic chronology of events began when deregulation enabled S&L corporations to lend money to themselves. In 1980, the FDIC insurance was embossed from $40,000 to $100,000. While there were several factors that doomed the S&L industry, such as fixed interest rates on home loans and sudden inflation. The most notorious white-collar criminal involved in the S&L failures was Charles Keating of Lincoln Savings in Irvine, California. He allegedly duped customers into buying junk bonds and extracted $1 million from Lincoln Savings in anticipation of the companys collapse, which happened weeks later (Wikipedia). All convictions were later overturned with plea-bargaining and other legal maneuvers, and Keating maintained that the blame for the downfall of Lincoln Savings was with the government regulators and not his actions. This act of white-c ollar crime fits the bill for both theories named above Keating was acting in self-interest without regard for the swell being of Lincoln or its customers. Of course, we cannot overlook Enron. The story is complex and frightening with the implications for the

FDT 1 week 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FDT 1 week 11 - Essay causeClosely related to political is the Mexi sack public concern about the extradition. Mexico does non always fork up its citizens to countries where they might face the death punishment given that execution is specifically prohibited under word 22 of the counties Constitution, and it is likely that if extradited, Guzmn would easily face it as the agreement between the countries are not clear and since the capital sentence power in the US is reserved exclusively for the states.Diplomatically, the Mexican consanguinity with United States highly depends on the decision Pea Nieto will make. The Mexican diplomatic connection with users can further worsen as USA has in the past accused the country of lack of familiarity (Shearer, 1971).Whether Guzmn is extradited or not there is always social concern that drug business and compact may continue with their trade. This proves a challenge to the potential users. Legally, extradition also has consequences as it e xposes the Mexican government incapability to try the drug lords. On the other hand, the legal procedures are also complex as laws of mingled countries contradict in

Suvey DB 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Suvey DB 5 - Essay ExampleThis can lessen in the form of training and perpetual retooling to keep the employee updated in the latest method available that pass oning increase productiveness.Employee development enhances productivity non only in terms of making employee effective and in force(p) in doing their jobs. It also develops loyalty among employees in addition to motivating them to do better with their jobs. Thus, the immediate good of employee development is having employees who are motivated and competent who are loyal to the bon ton and therefore likely to await in the company.The earns of having competent and motivated employees are in multitude. The most obvious benefit is efficiency and capacity in doing their jobs. Materials turnover get out decline, overhead expenses will lessen and revolutionary process will be discovered that will further enhance productivity. In short, expenses will be lessened and output will be optimized by a highly trained workforce wrought by employee development programs (Hameed and Waheed, 2011).The benefit of having a loyal workforce which is a result of an effective employee development program cannot be discounted. firearm their benefits may not be obvious, their effect can be felt in the organization. Without employee development that will foster company loyalty, there will be high turnover and attrition rate that is not only costly but time consuming as well. Employee recruitment is costly and could be avoided if employees are loyal to the company.The money spent for recruiting new employee could instead be used somewhere else. The lost productivity of an employee who left can also be counted as a cost to the company. In addition, a company has also to spend more resources in training a new hire. After training, a new hire cannot be expected to have the same productivity of the old employee as he or she is still has to learn the ropes of the new job. It takes

Liberal Arts current political controversies Research Paper

Liberal Arts current political controversies - Research Paper ExampleSimply speaking, if wiz takes into consideration the ethical, political and strategic issues related to the usage of laggers as warf ar devices, one simply comes to the inference that the drone usage is not only unethical and wrong, merely pragmatically speaking, it is also counterproductive. One salient(ip) factor that both ethically and practically puts to question the combat usage of drones is the number of noncombatant deaths that could be attributed to drones (Clodfelter 252). Though the CIA and the host emphatically try to dilute the overall emotional and ethical significance of the civilian deaths caused by drones by labeling these deaths as the collateral damage, yet, the fact is that a responsible and ethics goaded nation like the United States of the States simply could not resort to the usage of a engineering science that has the potency to cause unwanted civilian causalities (Clodfelter 252). The Bureau of Investigative Journalism tends to put the civilian deaths caused by drone strikes between 446 and 978, of which 179 to 209 happened to be children (Matthews 1). There is no denying the fact that the usage of a technology that has the potential to kill innocent children and civilians simply could not be justified by extending any tactical or strategic reason. Besides, the global association of drones with the death of innocent children and civilians jeopardizes the very image and reputation of the United States of America (Brunstetter & Braun 340). The civilian deaths caused by drones make people associate US with arrogance and highhandedness and makes them go against the US (Brunstetter & Braun 341). Thereby this depletion of the nations image and the unwanted and unwarranted civilian deaths must straight be stopped by putting a ban on the usage of drones for tactical strikes. Besides, the drone usage in the light of the civilian causalities is counterproductive as it em barrasses the politicians who fork up to deal with the ramifications of such blunders and many a(prenominal) a times make the non-combatants take the enemy side. The other big factor that puts to question the tactical usage of drones without US is that the drones not only negatively impact the collective moral of the military personnel, but they also hamper the gaining of situational awareness by the forces deployed on the ground (Hazelton 30). Deployment at the forward posts or female genitalia the enemy lines, while evincing a sense of camaraderie with the fellow colleagues and working on the basis of the inputs facilitated by the intelligence agencies and the informers, turns the military personnel into highly motivated and skilled combatants. Besides, the forces deployed on the ground do have the ability to differentiate between the civilians and the enemies and this immensely decreases the scope for collateral damage. The other thing is that an effective military campaign is always based on the situational awareness gained by the forces at the ground level (Hazelton 30). The warriors direct on the frontline have a thorough understanding of the ethical and tactical objectives they aspire to achieve. However, both these objectives are simply curtailed by the usage of drones. The people operating drones from the faraway locations neither tend

Research and Methodology paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

research and Methodology paper 2 - Essay ExampleAccording to the wellness practice session standard, both human being is responsible for quality health practices. Every person is involved in one way, or another to create a better health environment in the community. The health practitioners are accountable for the quality of health services they discharge to members of the community. The code of professional conduct demands that every decision made by the health practitioners is justified according to existing ethics and ethical behavior standards. In that essence, many agree that the stand upment of treatment on various conditions that affect many plurality is directly dependant to the research availed to the health practitioners. Research is dependable for facilitating and determining the cure for various conditions (Weinbroum, Ekstein & Ezri 2002).Research is also necessary for the determination of processes during administration of medicines. Apart from medical decision, r esearch is critical in that it helps the practitioners be satisfied that the conditions affecting people are treatable under determined conditions. Research has provided the backbone for nursing practitioners to develop their practices and improve service delivery to members of the community who visit various health centres.The research methodology discusses or rather critiques individual research delivered under the operating practitioners department. Operating department practitioners fall under the comprehensive of health care providers. Their main tasks involve is providing the patient with perioperative care. They manage operations towards safe and secure results. They are employed in medical operating departments. Even so, they can be allocated to other departments since they have a wide array of clinical and surgical knowhow. In most hospitals or health centres, they are primarily found in the accident and emergency units, intensive care units, and the ambulance service

HOMEOSTASIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HOMEOSTASIS - Assignment ExampleInsulin facilitates the uptake of the glucose in the blood by cells to result in cellular respiration. However, an excess amount of the glucose remains in the bloodstream. The enzyme facilitates the spiritual rebirth of excess amounts of soluble glucose to glycogen, an insoluble carbohydrate stored in the body muscles and the liver (Abpischools.org.uk 2013).The body utilizes large amounts of glucose in the blood to perform actions. During periods of illness, the body uses glucose to boost the immunity. As such, the sugar levels in the bloodstream drops below the warning level, resulting in deficits reducing rates of cell respiration. The situation may also result from increased self-control and starvation. In these periods, the pancreas sours glucagon, which facilitates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose for circulation in the blood stream (Abpischools.org.uk 2013). A unbroken series of these two processes maintains th e level of blood sugar.This is a hold where the blood contains an excess amount of glucose receivable to failure of the body to use glucose for cellular respiration. The causes of high blood sugar are failure of the pancreas to hide sufficient insulin or the failure of the cells to respond to insulin. The symptoms range from increased thirst, tiredness to frequent urinating.In this is condition the blood sugar level drops below the ideal level, resulting in a deficit (Abpischools.org.uk 2013). Medications taken viva voce may result in accidental hypoglycemia. Excessive consumption of alcohol may block the release of glucose into the bloodstream by the liver lowering the blood sugar. The condition may result from the occurrence of whatsoever diseases in severe strains in the liver. Kidney disorders prevent the excretion of medication that build up and affect the glucose levels in the blood. Tumors in the pancreas stimulate overproduction of insulin that facilitates

Chinese Immigration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Chinese Immigration - Assignment ExampleThe vast open spaces, the lack of social and severalize distinctions, the dynamic tempo of our growth, the westward progression, and the mobility of the population promoted the acceptance of the newcomer2. In times of crisis such as wars or economic depressions, the moving equilibrium might be disturbed. Immigrants movements created tensions around the presence of the foreigner, but at least until the latter decades of the nineteenth century, these tensions were usually dissolved by accommodation on a new level without restrictive legislation. The American Constitution made the United States the first national state to proclaim the linguistic rule that there should be no religious test for office holding. Furthermore, only the President was required by the Constitution to be native-born. The Federal government, as a matter of policy, utilized the principle of religious license to stimulate immigration. A guarantee of religious freedom had be en included in the ordinance for governing the northwestward Territory, partly in the hope that it would stimulate migration into that region3.Similar to other immigrants, Sees a gran and her family occupied a low paid job and low social class position4. She worked at a Chinese underwear factory. It is not surprising that the changes in American society after 1890 affected attitudes toward the immigrant and that a strong movement for the restriction of immigration.

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Essay

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Early Modern Period - act ExampleThe departure from the genuine period into the mall ages was heralded by Christianity. Religion play a great deal in the events that led to the changes in both the medieval world and the renaissance. This paper testament endeavor to point out the major factors of change from each era leading up to the rebirth of a nation and the evolution of a continent. In order to accomplish this, we will start with a legal brief compute of the transition from the classical era to the medieval period. The first focus of the paper will look at how the medieval meter period was seen by those wanting change, and by examining key factors that contributed to the changes that led to the renaissance. game the paper will examine at what point changes occurred and how these contributed to the revolution that was the renaissance. The paper will conclude with a look at the effects of those changes an d how they affected the world at large.Religion finishedout era has played a great role in the evolution of nations. Men have killed and been killed for their faith. The period after the classical know as the early middle ages was fraught with religious overtures. The rule of law was based in matinee idol and the might of the king was based in his faith and in the power of the clergy who backed his rule. It was a time of the heaven-sent right of kings. A good example of this is the story of Charlemagne who was crowned king due to his faith and religiousness by Pope Leo III.1 The rules of justice were also simplified and meted out by the king, the clergy and the aristocracy. This idea of divine right and the power of a certain body of individuals led to the suppression of the individual and his rights as a freeman. They were subjugated in favor of faith and authority. Religion and issues of eternal life took to the forefront and all things individualistic, such(prenominal) as ar t, were relegated to positions of least importance. This is the first glimpse of the backward nature of the medieval era.The second factor that led to the feel of the middle ages as a backward time was the notion that this period was culturally stagnant. It was a time believed to have a lack of sacrilegious Latin literature as well as corruption within the church building such as Popes who ruled as kings, pagan superstitions with saints relics, celibate priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy.2 This ensure probably came from the fact that learning was mainly in the hands of the clergy. Most written works were of a religious nature done by scribes who slowly and meticulously copied and recorded only what was given to them by the church. There was not much written about the arts or science all secular beliefs banished from the light. There was no balance of society and the individual, and only the worldview of serving your faith (God) and serving your lord through obedien ce and following life according to the will of the church. It was an age of the supernatural versus reason with no options for choice.The third base factor in the middle ages backward theory stems from the economic sector. This was also stagnant due to the power universe held in the hands of the aristocracy and the guilds. The wealth of the society was in the hands of a few and no one individual could do business without the approval or backing of the guilds or the aristocracy. An emerging middle class at the end of the Crusades was also to become apart of this factor for change. At the end of the Crusades, many people sought out life in the cities and created a need for goods and services. They also developed an reside in the many cultures they had come in contact and wanted to experience and change

Proof of God's existence and Human error Research Paper

Proof of graven images globe and Hu hu earthly concerns phantasm - Research Paper ExampleIt is a logical reality that in articulate for something to be created, some peerless must(prenominal) create it. According to Descartes, in order for an idea to contain object lens reality, it must be derived from a cause that contains at least as much of a formal reality as there is objective reality in the idea. With this logic, Descartes explains that the objective reality of an idea can non come from a man therefore it must be derived from something else. Only a perfect and unmeasured being could be capable of creating much(prenominal) an idea, and since man is non infinite, therefore such ideas can never be derived from man. On the different hand, divinity is perfect and an infinite being with infinite formal reality, therefore such objective ideas must have come from God therefore God exists. Second proof of the existence of God is that the power and action needed to preserve something are the aforementioned(prenominal) as needed for creating something anew. Creation of something is an effect and each effect has a cause, therefore there must be as much reality in the cause as in the effect. According to Descartes, man cannot have power to preserve himself therefore the existence that caused the creation of man must be the one preserving the man himself. Since man can think, the entity that created man must also have the ability to think. gentlemans gentleman is not a perfect being and had man been able to create himself, he would have made the man perfect. Since man has ideas of perfection therefore the entity that created man must be perfect. Therefore, through this logical derivation, it can be inf skided that God exists. Both these proofs are different from each other callable to the perspective through which they are presented. The first proof is presented by using the logic of the infinity of an idea and the cause that created that idea. On the other hand, the second proof is presented by the logic of the existence of man himself. The second proof is more convincing because it provides an easily understandable logic from the perspective of the existence of humans. Descartes needed two proofs to widen the scope of his philosophy. Proving the equivalent fact using two different dimensions only adds to the depth of the argument. Two proofs are also great because different people with different perspectives may be able to understand them easily. Two proves do not do different works for Descartes because these are only two ways of proving the same fact. After proving that God exists and he is perfect, there arises a question regarding the imperfection of man. If God is perfect, why is there room for error or imperfection? Descartes presents a convincing argument as a reply to this question which is there is a scale having two extremes that are nothingness and perfection, and man exists somewhere between these two extremes. M an is less perfect than God but he is more than mere nothingness. Therefore, error is not a positive reality according to Descartes but it just the absence of what is correct. Thus Descartes infers that man can err without God giving him any ability to do so but error happens only due to the mortality of the ability of the man to judge the truth. Descartes thus describes the existence of human error as the inability of the man to determine why God chose to create the man. It is due to the limited knowledge of the man which is not infinite as that of God. Therefore, it can be said that the arguments presented by Descartes are convincing because he explains the existence of

ENG315 week1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENG315 week1 - Coursework ExampleIn the long run, the system control could no longer work as expected and in that location were both(prenominal) managerial-worker conflicts in the company.Given an opportunity to change the flow of information in decision making at this company, I could prefer the predictive control of distributed decision making method. The system has got four key aspects, which accommodate the predictive mode of team decision making, the fitness function as the second aspect, thirdly there is the optimization of information structure and finally the forecast decision making requirement. This system achieves convenience by the fact that stakeholders act as both decision makers and implementers.Although all of us make decisions all(prenominal) day, nearly of the decisions are straightforward while others are complex and indirect. In business decision making, this systematic begin to decision making is essential to address critical elements that can result into t imely decisions (Bhushan & Kanwal, 2004). Moreover, there is no conflict of interests because every stakeholder is involved in decision making as well as implementing. With this organization, every stakeholder is motivated to work since every contribution is considered

Political Ideologies Essay Example for Free

Political Ideologies Essayideology is a highly contested phenomenon used in politics, kind science and philosophical discourse. Heywood (2003, p12) defines political theory as a more or less coherent beat of ideas that stomachs the basis for organised political action whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing establishment of power. According to Freeden (2003) we atomic number 18 all ideologists in the sense that we prescribe to certain political views in our environment. He goes on to say that ideologies are competing interpretations of making sense of the worlds we live in. Ideologies look at what society should be like and why the society is the way it is. Leach (2002) states that the term ideology is quite problematic. He excessively defines ideology as interconnected set of ideas which form a perspective on the world Leach. R. (2002, p. 1) Williams (1998) defines ideology as a system of ideas and beliefs that offer a means of understandin g the world. He likewise adds that these ideas provide a programme to shape the future and seen as a guide to action. From the above, it is clear that there is no agreed definition of what ideology is.My view of ideology is ideas or views attempting to explain how society should be. Political parties may have conflicting ideas on certain issues of society and therefore influence the policies which affect returns users. From this perspective, I can suggest that ideology is related to a set or system of beliefs, ideas and values that individuals, groups and organisations hold. Examples of ideologies take on communism, friendlyism, liberalism, conservatism, feminism and fascism. Implications to Social break Many service users who come in contact with companionable doers testament be experiencing poverty and deprivation.Social workers will be there to advocate and advise service users on how to apply for these benefits. According to Thompson (2005) poverty leads to other proble ms such as poor mental health and social exclusion. Social workers support these service users by sign posting for counselling, rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Liberalism as an ideology offers an accounting of how social problems are constructed and how families and individuals are conceptualised within this framework. Thompson, (2005) suggested that problems are constructed by society.Adams, (2002) state that as social workers we get to keep up to date with all policy changes so that we can advise service users accordingly. He emphasises that social workers should be proactive by reading informative newspapers and social work journals. Brechnin (2000) cited in Adams (2002) also state that it is vital for practitioners to grasp the policy context of the cases they deal with and thereby improve how they deal with service users complexities. Critical understanding of policies concerning children and families may help social workers improve practice.Social workers need to assess an d call the needs of a service user group for example people with disabilities and find out as much information as they can through research on how they can assist and march service users. The question for social workers is do we challenge a belief or ideology which we animadvert does not fit in with social work values for example Conservatism. On the other hand, we reach into another debate of social workers as agents of the state so whichever government is in power, social workers as agents of state would have to follow their beliefs.We need to be aware of the current government beliefs, and its influence on policies so that we are equipped to advise service users on services available. To conclude, the practice of social work in modern liberal society rests on liberal principles. By locating the connections between social work and Liberalism ideology, we have seen how practical social knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. These central tenets of Libera lism are liberty, tolerance, and a free-market economy. These core beliefs affect all areas of social life, including social work.The tensions that permeate the practices of liberal governments are present in the field of social work and valuable indicators of the complexity of the issues social workers face. Crucially, they are open to reform. in that location are deep social problems in liberal society such as poverty, inequality, alienation. What we can control from these problems is that if Liberalism will succeed in its aspirations it needs to expand its scope to include more social and integrated responsibility, and a greater understanding of community. Bibliography Adams, R. (2002), Social Policy for Social work, Basingstoke Palgrave Alasdair. D. M.(1981), After Virtue , 2nd edn, capital of the United Kingdom Duckworth. Bellamy, R. (1992), Liberalism and modern society Cambridge Polity press. Frazer, E. and Lacey, N. (1993) The Politics of community, Hertfordshire Harveste r Wheatsheaf. Freeden, M. (2003), Ideology A very short Introduction, Oxford Oxford University call forth Heywood, A. (2007) Political Ideologies an introduction, 4th edn, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005), A More Equal Society, Bristol Policy press Hobbes, T. (1985) Leviathan , London Penguin Classics. Leach, R. (2002), Political Ideology in Britain, Basingstoke Palgrave Mullaly, B.(2007), The New Structural Social work Ideology, Theory, Practice, (3rd edn), USA Oxford University Press Ramsay, M (1997) Whats faulty with Liberalism London Leicester University Press. Rousseau, J. J. (1968) The Social Contract, London Penguin books. Rawls, J (1999), A Theory of Justice, Oxford Open University Press. Thompson, N. (2005), Understanding Social Work Preparing for practice, (2nd edn), Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, A. (1998) UK Government and Politics, Oxford Heinemann Wilson, K et al, (2008) Social Work An Introduction to contemporary practice, Harlow Pearson Education Limited.

The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism Essay Example for Free

The French variety and moderne French Socialism EssayThe French RevolutionIntroductionHow does the answer of the rights of man and the citizen defy the political and social convection of absolutism and reflect enlightenment cerebration as the basis for a new French society The passing of the declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789 was the most profound thing that had a signifi toleratet effect on the oppressed class. Before the declaration of The Righs of Man and Citizen, France was divided into a rigid oppressive social class, the clergy, the nobility and the peasants. The unequal class created the purlieu for the oppressed passels to fight for their sovereignty, fraternity and equality. The outbreak of the French revolution in 1789 also made throng from the St. Domingue to fight for their dispense withdom, which broughtabout conflict between the various classes. The French revolution decreed equal rights to whole citizens. anterior to the declaration of the rights of man and citizens, conflict arose between the multitude of color of St. Dominge and the whites (Goodwin, 219). The incorporation of the writings of enlightenment thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu were the guiding principles of the rights of man and citizen. According to Rousseau, the social contract between the ruled and the rules required rulers to obey the general will of the people, thus, if the rulers failed to do so, the people had the right to overthrow them. These ideas declared that the sovereignty of the people is dictated in them and nobody could exercise ability over them, unless allowed by them. Such enlightenment made the people to do the political authority over their nation. Moreover, the declaration proclaimed gave the people power to remain free and acquire equal rights and protect the rights of the Frenchmen. Prior to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a new French social contract was created whereby the organization of 1791 was invalidated by progressive tension between the tabby and the deputies. The new French social contract changed the political and social contract systems to that of the sovereignty where peoples opinion had to be considered. The new French social contract that was created made the people who were divided about power to nurse conflict among themselves and the many elements of the people who felt themselves excluded such as women and the poor and whose status were non improved. As a matter of fact, Louis XVI was condemned to finish and executed and the convections drew up a new constitution that reflected the enlightenment of thinkers such as Rousseaus concept of a social contract grounded on the general will (Goodwin, 231). Moreover, the 1793 constitution reflected much on the enlightenment of Rousseau social contract held by the Jacobins. The imposition of this constitution in France generated a power struggle that resulted in the expulsion of more moderate divisions from the state and the concentration of power in Jacobian hands. The requirement of prosecuting the war against Europe joined Jacobian control, but competing interests and power conflicts remained. The deportment of the war, personal ambitions, and sparing tensions all experimented the leadership of Jacobian so as to maintain the control and impose the version of the general will. It was all a counter check and violence against opponents so as to ensure the rights of man and citizen is maintained (S, 380).When cultivation the glumicial indictment (formal charges) of Louis XVI, do you believe the national Convection is justified in condemning the king for probable treasonous actions? Or do these charges appear groundless? Drawing from name 2 of the 1791 constitution, the person of the king is inviolable and sacred his only title is king of the French (Paine,107), there was no need for the National Concetion to condemn the king for reasonable treasonous act ions. Indeed, its only a vigorous challenge of empurpled inviolability that followed the world-beaters flight to Varannes. It was the work of the convections for the king to be tried by the legislature. The charges appear to have a constitutional base because the king should maintain and follow the constitution of the land. It is for this reason that the Convection places a essay against the king. However, though the charges are based on the constitution the Convection has divergence arguments about the Kings mental testing and have no prove that the King has committed all the crime that has been imputed to him. Moreover, the inviolability issue that was imputed on the King was by no means be confined to discussion at the tribune of the Convection. For example, Jacques Necker acknowledges that the Convection has no power to experiment the King for inviolability. He argues that The king can non be tried as a particular and that he had not violated any constitutional laws. Moreov er, He buttressed royal inviolability with historical references (Paine, 110), noting that the kings could not in all way be tried by their aristocracies neither by partial men, and declared the constitutional precept both necessary and just. Likewise, an an anonymous pamphleteer providedandeceptive rarity for the King trial. Moreover, the only claim that is seen is the issue about inviolability whereby the shroud from the Legislative body was just a question about whether Louisxvi was judgeable for the crimes he was imputed to have committed. As a result, the king was suspended by the Assembly whereby the Convection was given the mandate to elect the sovereign will. This affected the self-renunciation of noble inviolability, which seem as if it never existed. Likewise, the decision to focus consideration only on the article one of the committee report is a clear indication that Louis could not have been convicted because the convectionels were the one force for his convictio n through attacking the stupid dogma of inviolability. Therefore, though there was no need for a trial against Louis XVI because he was already accused and condemn by the people, I do not agree that his condemnation was justified. It was more of a political condemnation (Paine,119).Upon reading, The Execution of Louis XVI as seen by Henry Edgeworth de Firmont, does the king appear brook, frightened or insolent on the way to his effect? From the execution scene, the king appears brave on the way to his execution. The king seems to understand his mistakes. It might be the condemnation of the people that has forced the king to have extra courage because he is no longer needed in the society. It is the people who have convicted him to death and nothing he can do to go against their will. As we can see as soon as the king descended from the carriage, three executioners surround the king and wished him to take off his coat and though he repulse them, he does it with dignity and took i t off himself. These are signs of a brave person. The king also shows his bravery whereby when the executioners try to tie him, he abruptly withdraws his hands without fear, and the situation seems to go the executioners. He also responded in an indignant tone. Nevertheless, the king is also frightened of what he will undergo. He knows very well he must be executed. As we can see, his eyes are fill up with a sorrowing look that turn to the executioners maybe to seek them to save him. His courage had started to weaken by the pain he seemed to take. According to the king, he is dying of innocent of all the crimes he has been imputed upon him. It might be true considering that he knows very sure the decision of the people is final and he has to face the death sentence. He therefore says in a frightened tone, I pardon the authors of my death, and pray God that the billet you are about to shed will never fall upon France.ReferencesGoodwin, A..The French Revolution,. London Hutchinso ns University Library, 1953. Print.Paine, Thomas. Rights of man world an answer to Mr. Burkes attack on the French Revolution.Waiheke Island Floating Press, 2010. Print.S., A. W.. Book ReviewThe French Revolution and Modern French Socialism. A Comparative Study of the Principles of the French Revolution and the Doctrines of Modern French Socialism. Jessica Peixotto. American ledger of Sociology 7.5 (1902) 706. Print.Source document

Ideology of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Ideology of Pakistan EssayThe political orientation of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of southmost Asia to verify their individuality by resisting all attempts by the Hindoo society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam and Hinduism ar not only two religions, but also two social orders that have given wear to two distinct cultures with no similarities.The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the home base with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening Allama Iqbal provided the philosophical explanation Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality and the Constituent lying of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of Muslims of South Asia that they be different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When they realized that their future in a Democratic Ind ia dominated by Hindu majority was not safe they put forward their demand for a separate state.As aboriginal as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni observed that Hindus differed from the Muslims in all matters and habits. He further flesh out his argument by writing that the Hindus considered Muslims Mlachha, or impure. And they forbid having any connection with them, be it intermarriage or any other bond of relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking with them, because they feel polluted.Read more thanPolitical Issues in PakistanThe Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is largely a history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the region. Both communities have been living together in the very(prenominal) area since the early 8th century, since the advent of Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one could find the Muslims and Hindus strugg ling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the war between Muhammad bin Qasim and raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus and Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point. When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force, they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars diversion.IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTANWHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY? A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred political order, either existing or proposed and offers a strategy (Institution, processes, program) for its attainment. An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the present and a vision of the future Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social awareness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and meaning to support and human action.HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected. An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order, when their status is imperil by fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them STEPS OF IDEOLOGY phylogenesiso Consciousnesso Analysis of current situationo Creating new thinkingo Legitimate De-legitimateo Role of LeadershipIMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY It is a motivating force It provides a common plate form.

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

humour Change EssayOnce, I visited a infirmary for my health checkup,there I saw a man with shattered skin,rashes all over the bodyclearcut it was the grimace of allergy.Doctors argon rushing and making report on it.After a week I again visited that hospital for my scheduled checkup,then I came to know a shocking news-that allergy case was the case of Ganga bath unfortunately Holy river Ganga, ancient river Ganga ,that Ganga which takes away all the sins from mankind, to twenty-four hours causing allergy,irritation,skin rashes that man has to pay price for his sacred belief Also scientists got some samples from Ganga from specific places having dioceanse causing microbes. This sensitive case itself indicate the wobble we have made in our nature. Change is the law of nature,change is inevitable and change is evergoing process,but Climate Change is unity of the most complex,multi frontted and serious threat that the earth face. Whether you atomic number 18 adding your bit to the heap of garbage piling up in your locality or not cause meaningless when the garbage begins to rot-the stench provide get ahead your nose too,Climate Change induced by global warming works much the same way. World famous scientists all over the country had evaluated climate change and came to conclusion that Greenhouse Gases ,CFC, Carbondieoxide and many some opposite toxic gases are the cause of environment degradation.Though it is true scientifically,the root lies elsewherethat is in the greed of humankind being.Our greed led to adavancement of technology and led us farther from peace and prosperity of all.Increasing habit of electricity due to intiation of several new industries,disposal of garbage without treatment to maximize profit,use of environment hazardious substances like polythene in our daily life are concrete examples of human greed. People have been influencing the Biospherefor at least 8000 years,since the invention of Agriculture,but Climate Change ha s proposed a threat over our Agriculture.The most affected area of Climate Change leave alone be Agriculture and its biodiversity. The first and foremost impact of climate change is in biodiversity specially Islands biodiversity.nearly one fourth of the worlds countries are Island and they are treasure trove of biodiversity.Also they provide victuals,fresh water ,wood,fibre,medicine,fuel and other raw materials. But increasing sea level has given a alarm threat to them,The new-fashioned Moore Island of India in Sunderbans has been consumed recently by rising sea,many other Pacific atoll nation Island of Kiribati,Islands of Vanuatu to a fault submerged in early history.we are loosing huge . biodiversitythese are initial casesRather IPCC has warned that a ski tow in sea levels of between 18 and 59cm by 2100 would be enough to submerge many other big islands, including Maldives and turn over them unhabitable,also of the 724 recorded animal extinctions in 400 years about half were Island species .also climate change will bring degradation of coastal environment and natural resources on which poor rural people depend.Higher rate of erosion and coastal land loss may vanish our islands In context of Agriculture,sea level line up will also cause increased salinity due to encroachment of the sea and saltwater impingement into freshwater lenses,contributing to an increasing shortage of water supply and loss of agriculture land.The most unprotected function will be the poor and marginal farmers with small landholdings because extreme weather steadytswill specially overhaul in tropics,fundamental changes in rainfall pattern together with rising temperature will shorten growing indurate and reduce crop productivity .Acco.to World Bank 75% of 1.2 billion people are pin down in extreme poverty,so they will fail to adopt new rotation practices and thus most vulnerable to climate change. World wide farming is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions accout ing for 20% of total emissions.Atmospheric concentration of methane has more than doubled during the past 200 years.Natural wetlands,fossil fuels related to natural gas,coal mines coal industry,electric fermentation,rice fields,biomass burning,landfills accont for 75% of methane production in our environment. thus major source of greenhouse gases is agriculture itself. Rice fields are the most significant contributors of atmospheric methane accounting for 11-13% of the worlds total methane production. Also, rice production will wishing to expand by around 70% over the next 25 years to watch the demands of fast growing human population whose food demand is pass judgment to double in developing world in next 40 years.Thus if we increase our crop area specially staple crop area in near future then the problem of global warming is apt(predicate) to increase. Already in todays era 800 million people are unnourished, in India lone(prenominal) 30 million people suffer hunger,46% chi ldren are underweight and 17000 people are dying per day due to hunger on an average. Thus in near future we are going to face a great threat not however of climate change but also of food security. However, Not all effects of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative, most of the major food crops are C-3 plants including staple food like rice ,wheat, oat, barley will show increase in yield ranging from 25% to 64% due to increased carbonic acid gas level, also most of the noxious weed are C4 plants and their growth will be checked.But this is only one side of the coin ,increased temperature due to increase in CO2 level may rise the pest attack up to 25% and fungal disease attack up to 20% and also disturb our monsoon pattern.In an overview it can be said that it will create more and new problem kind of than benefits because the worst sufferers would be farmers of Rainfed agriculture which cover 60% of all cultivable lands. at once humanbeings have become dependent on technologies which are dependent on non -renewable resources and produce illeffects in long run.nowdays we say that glaciers are fallmay be shrinking but more that the heart of the people and their philosophy is shrinking too.while the drastic effects of global warming has been discussed in many scientific circles,had their run on T.V. and even had well meaning Hollywood films but the need of the hour is to change ourselves,to reduce our luxurious wants. The need of the hour is to developa) True sustainability,there should be synergies between climate mitigation strategies and development policies in areas of efficiency efficiency,fuel substitution,renewable ,afforestration,and land and waste management. b) The planning should not be for temporary economic gains and support,but for sustainability in future as well.There should be partnerships with communities,individuals,and private sector to frame effective measures to reduce the impact the effect of climate change.Today we a ll peoples of the world need to change our habbits ,not only in Agricultural practices but also in our daily life practicices Switching of fans and light before leaving room ,efficient use of water at home , proper garbage disposal at micro level, though seems to be a real minute step but the huge building of true sustainability will only form supra these basic steps because this will be the 1st step against our greed, so step ahead and regard your own responsibility ,because it is not the time to curse the darkness but to light a small lamp.References1. Know climate change by Tanya Agarwal2. Global climate change by Arnold J.Bloom3. Science newsperson (CSIR)4. IPCC website

Lampara Multi-Purpose Cooperative (LMPC) Essay Example for Free

Lampara Multi-Purpose cooperative (LMPC) EssayI. INTRODUCTIONLampara Multi-Purpose Cooperative (LMPC), registered with the Cooperative Development Authority on June 12, 2007 with Registration No. D-623-6240 has been unionised to dish people maximize their potentials to live a healthy, productive life and in the process last responsible members of Society. LMPC educates its members to earn and save the cooperative way.LMPC has recently sourced out an sole(prenominal) system of ruless Provider for healthy, nutritious and utmostly oxygenized Anti-Oxidant Pi peeing origin tout ensemble(prenominal)y researched and developed in Japan and enhanced in Korea. This newly merged Pi Water Systems Provider has upgraded its Pi Water System with US-made 16-stages Synergy machine that makes the Pi peeing an anti-oxidant wet and with the German Technology oxygen-generating machine developed by the Department of Science and Technology.The Pi water produced by the system has been teste d to have an even high effect than any of the Pi wet introduced in the Philippines to date due to its unique qualities and characteristics presented below.LMPC is now ready to distribute domestically and internationally the AQUAPORIN PI WATER SYSTEM equipped with the latest engine drivering in Pi Water System. The investors in the Aquaporin Anti-Oxidant Pi Water Refilling lieu leave behind be assured of a profitable, unique, and healthy worry venture.II. QUALITIES OF THE AQUAPORIN PI WATERAquaporin Pi Water has been synergized by the Bio-Nano technology to produce an even reduced water subatomic particle clusters for greater absorption and interaction by the cells of the body, higher water-based mineral contents because of its mineral enhancer clip that produces a stable alkaline water with pH 7.8 on the meter, greater energy enhanced by its far infrared cartridges and higher oxygen content with its DOST-developed oxygen generating machine. It has been further powered by a S ynergy machine that makes the water an anti-oxidant water. These qualities of the Aquaporin Pi Water will ensure that the water we drink is healthy, nutritious, energized and contains higher level of oxygen like no other.III. ADVANTAGES OF PURCHASING AN AQUAPORIN ANTIOXIDANT PI WATER REFILLING STATION1. The Aquaporin Antioxidant Pi Water Refilling System aims to optimize return of investment employing the selling strategies adopted by LMPC. in maven case established, the Aquaporin Pi Water Refilling seat (APWRS) becomes a branch of LMPC to serve as the center of cognitive operation and marketing service for its members.Page 12. The Systems flagship (Aquaporin Antioxidant Pi Waters) characteristics are3.1 It has the most minimal pipework problems with 50 years warranty on parts. The materials used are guaranteed to survive ageing, cracking, breakage from pressure and bumps, and some more2.2 It employs commercialized filtration and machineries in processing alkaline, mineralize d and Synergized Bio-Nano Pi Waters that is capable of producing an anti-oxidant water 2.3 It incorporates the latest technology called OPS or Oxygen Processing System that wasDepartment of Science and Technology (DOST) tested to have high beneficial health effect2.4 Its system-parts passed all monetary standards for safe-drinking water 2.5 Each system installed is registered in the Bureau of health Devices and Technology (BHDT) of the Department of Health for system certification and validation of quality and functionality 2.6 The system produces super fine water because of its nano-tech filters that renders water clusters smaller and full of energy2.7 The systems use the highest quality materials to ascertain quality yield 2.8 All system parts are brand new. Not a single part is reconditioned or second hand. These parts are not available moth-eaten unless reconditioned. Beware of companies that offer very cheap systems2.9 System parts and labor has ONE (1) YEAR WARRANTY2.10 Sp ecial technologies applied are pocket and are not available in other systems 2.11 The Aquaporin Pi Water business put up by the investor is not just a profit entity, rather, its business is banking on a mission to help share better health and MAKE A DIFFERENCE in the lives of people.2.11 When the investor decides to put up the Aquaporin Anti-Oxidant Pi Water Refilling Station he is practically creating a niche in the market settle any potential direct competition.2 We offer maximum training of business standardization and trading operations to make sure that the Aquaporin Anti-Oxidant Pi Water Refilling Station (AAPWRS) owners are well equipped to operate, eff and run his business like a professional water refilling station operator.3 Investor may opt to make his AAP Water Refilling Station fully automated and computerized with a minimal additive monetary value (see Feasibility Study/ROI attached)4 The Systems Provider of APPWRS is composed of a team of professional engineers and exclusive contractors whose expertise comes from years of water treatment experiences aimed to GUARANTEE quality products, services and installations.IV. SERVICES TO ASSURE INVESTORS OF A PROFITABLE, UNIQUE AND HEALTHY BUSINESS VENTURE1. Consultancy and Planning (1 month Management Program)1.1 Conduct a research and feasibility of the business in the specified area of operation2.2 Assist in the design of the Station renovation, engineering specifications, like floor plan, electrical plan, appearance and imaging, etc. 2.3 Assist in business registrations, court-ordered documentations of the company and accounting servicesPage 22.4 Assist in the design of business concepts, logo, marketing materials, advertisements and other business forms 2.5 Manage and teach the business for one month to make sure that all systems go smoothly and correctly.2. Standardization2.1 Documentation of business operations3.6 Forms and compliances3.7 Business software and programming3. instruct3.1 Tech nical training operation of the system, maintenance, basic trouble Shooting proper handling of waters, etc.4.8 extravagantly standard operations and qality heed4.9 Basic bookkeeping, accounting and compliances4.10 Sales and marketing strategies and operations4.11 Quality agency management4.12 Manpower and hiring4.13 Quality servicing and customer services management4. 24/7 on-line(a) helpdesk and assistance.V. APPWRS will be the LMPC BRANCHES AND SATELLITE OFFICESThe Aquaporin Anti-Oxidant Pi Water Station (APPWRS) shall become LMPCs branches and/or planet offices in the area. Only one (1) APPWRS will be established in a Municipality /or District in big cities and Provinces. The LMPC program with its diversified sources of livelihood that are synergistically integrated to achieve a healthy, productive and responsible members of Society using the cooperative system of relationship will be use in all the areas of operation of APPWRS.VI. AQUAPORIN ANTI-OXIDANT PI-WATER SYSTEM COM PONENT1. The 3-in-1 Pi Filtration System the complete Commercial Pi-producing Water System fully automated and computerized* Production machineries (cartridges and filters) to yield three (3) types of waters (details of these machineries will be presented and discussed during the business group meeting/s prior to signing of contract)* Oxygenated Ultra Fine mineral Water* Oxygenated UF sterilise basic Synergized Water* Oxygenated UF Sterilized Bio-Nano Alkaline Antioxidant concentrated (Oz3) synergized Water.* High-end, Long-lasting tobacco pipe System* Initial Bottle neckclothPage 3* Station Filling Equipment* Station Signage* 3-monthMaintenance Inventory* 1-month business management program* go through Payment for the cost of 1 unit of van for delivery.* assistant in all aspects of services defined in Item IV.* amply Automated filter-change indicator and computerized cleaning system * And many more . . .2. 3-in-1 Pi Filtration System the Standard Commercial Computerized Pi-producing Water System.* Production machineries (cartridges and filters) to yield three (3) types of waters (details of these machineries will be presented and discussed during the business meeting/s prior to signing of contract)* Oxygenated Ultra Fine Mineral Water* Oxygenated UF Sterilized Alkaline Synergized Water* Oxygenated UF Sterilized Bio-Nano Alkaline Antioxidant concentrated (Oz3) synergized Water.* Fully Automated filter-change indicator* High-end, Long-lasting Piping System* Initial Bottle Inventory* Station Filling Equipment* Station Signage* 3-monthMaintenance Inventory* 1-month business management program* Down Payment for the cost of 1 unit of FB van for delivery.* Assistance in all aspects of services defined in Item IV.* And many more . . .3. Basic Home Pi Filtration System which may be used for personal and homepurposes producing 2 types of waters (details to be presented and discussed during the business meeting/s prior to signing of contract for the APWRS) t his Personal Unit Aquaporin Pi Water System will exclusively be distributed by the APWRS.* Production machineries (cartridges and filters) to yield two (2) types of waters* Super Fine Mineral Water* Highly Oxygenized UF Sterilized Alkaline Synergized Pi Water* High-end, Long-lasting Piping System* Assistance in all aspects of services defined in Item IV.Page 4* 24/7 on-line helpdesk and assistance* Basic Pi Filtration System owners may opt to become satellite servicing office for LMPC * And many more . . .VII. PRICES1. Aquaporin Antioxidant Pi Water Refilling Station with the 3-in-1 Complete Fully Automated and Computerized commercial Pi Filtration System with components described in Item VI-1 and services stated in Item V, cost ONE MILLION SEVEN HUNDRED FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P1,750,000.00) only, exclusive of berth/location renovation/construction and 12% VAT.2. Aquaporin Antioxidant Water Refilling Station with the 3-in-1 Pi Filtration standard commercial Pi-producing Water System with components described in Item VI-2 and services stated in Item V, costs ONE MILLION SIX HUNDRED FIFTY THOUSAND PESOS (P1,650,000.00) only3. Aquaporin Basic Home Pi Filtration System for personal or home use with the 2-in-1 Pi Filtration System and with components described in VI-2 wouldcost ONE HUNDRED TWENTY THOUSAND PESOS (P120,000.00).VIII. INSTALLATION1. Investor must have signed the Memorandum of musical arrangement for the Installation of the machines at the site or location of the business and payment of at least thirty PERCENT (30%) of the total contract determine2. Water sample taken from the site/location of the Station must be submitted for analysis and potability3. Prior to installation, the site/location of the Station would have been inspected by an engineer from the Systems Provider.4. One (1) week before the date of Installation, additional TWENTY PERCENT (20%) of total contract price must be remitted to LMPC, another TWENTY PERCENT (20%) upon installation and full payment within one (1) month after installation.5. Faade of the Aquaporin Antioxidant Pi Water Refilling Station must conform with standard appearance prescribed by the Systems provider.

School Prayer & the US Constitution Essay Example for Free

teach supplication the US penning EssayPreludeThere was a dance orchestra of happening in 1960s, or so it come upms. The integrityyers, the clerics, the socialists, the politicians, the ghostlike activists and the common human beings they whatever appe atomic number 18d to admit something critical, urgent and spat on their agenda quite an exceedingly controversial and nonorious matter the request in Schools. flirt prohibits Prayer in Schools Origin in entirely toldy, the Warren motor hotel of the 1960s decl ard collection in state-supported give instructions un extreme. By examining St. Louis Post-Dispatch, we chiffonier intersect the story that hook regulated prohibited Prayer in Schools emphasizing evoke is faithful to an system of rules of a apathetic stance. The sovereign Court held June 17, 1963 wrap up that news reading and recitation of the superiors Prayer as exercises in ordinary cultivatedayss is unconstitutional. The ending came on the last day of the courts 1962-63 term. It entitle adjournment until October. The vote was 8 to 1, with umpire Tom C. Clark writing the volume tactual sensation and nicety tamper Ste strugglet delivering the balk.Justice William Joseph Brennan Jr. wrote a long agreement in the mainstream outlook as did Justices Arthur J. Goldberg and Justice toilette Marshall Harlan. The court ru take on two appeals plainspokenly concerning attacks on such(prenominal) mundane appeal and record book readings at inception exercises in universal works in mendelevium and pop. Conversely, the decision had a far- stretchability topic on such practices in public schools across the land. The prescribedly permitted inquiry concerned with the faces was whether such school recitals abuse the bleak exercise clause of the commencement Amendment to the Constitution, which says, Congress shall develop no law respecting an establishment of devotion or prohibiting the free exercise thitherof . Justice Clark decl ared that both the Maryland and papa cases could be disposed of in the equivalent belief because they heaved the similar fundamental pronouncement at a lower place mistily dissimilar realistic circumstances.Clark s abet in the light of the history of the first base Amendment and of the cases inferring and affecting its necessities, jury toy with that the practices at issue and the laws requiring them are unconstitutional nether the establishment clause, under the Fourteenth Amendment of US Constitution. In an earlier case, the court decided June 25, 1962, that the use in vernal York public schools of a nondenomi body political invocation which had been composed by say prescribeds violated the beginning(a) Amendment. The verdict in the New York case was 6 to 1, with Justice Stewart the l unrivalled dissenter. Justice Hugo Black was the designer of the bulk opinion. Justice Felix Frankfurter was ill at the time and did non participate. He later resigned and was succeeded by Justice Arthur Goldberg. Justice Byron R. White, new on the court, did non participate because he did non hear the arguments that preceded the command. Justice Clark wrote in 1963 decision that the place of organized religion in our rules of order is an exalted one, achieved by dint of a long tradition of reliance on the home, the church building and the infrangible citadel of the individual heart and mind.In the relationship between creation and religion, the state is firmly committed to a position of neutrality. Though the application of that rule requires interpretation of a delicate sort, the rule itself is understandably and concisely stated in the words of the First Amendment. In his dissent, Justice Stewart declared it was a unfit oversimplification to observe supplies of the First Amendment as launching a single constitutional standard of dissolution of church and state which can be useful perfunctorily in e very case to abridgment the requis ite limitations between establishment and religion. He err in the premier place if they do non recognize, as a matter of history and a matter of the imperatives of the free society, that religion and political relation activity mustiness(prenominal) necessarily cooperate in innumerable customs. Although, the previous court decisions energize do clear that there is no constitutional bar to use of government property for ghostlike purposes, he tell that previous court decisions relating to the public schools systems were inadequate to ghostly instruction or proselytizing follow outs of apparitional sects by chucking the weight of blue authority in the wake of the broadcasting the religious doctrine.He saw no danger to the government or religion in the exercises problematical in the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases because they involved only a reading of the record book single handed by remarks which otherwisewise constitute instruction. He felt the records of the Mary land and Pennsylvania cases were so essentially scarce as to make impossible an in instituteed or responsible resolve of the constitutional issues offered. He didnt agree that on the records they can say that the establishment clause has necessarily been violated. He favored sending both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases back to the lower courts for winning of additional evidence. In the Maryland case, Mrs. Madalyn E. Murray and her 16-year-old son, identifying themselves as atheists, attacked constitutionality of a Balti to a greater extent than city school board regulation. The regulation called for daily open up exercises of Bible reading and recitation of the Lords Prayer. Objecting students are permitted to be excused from the exercises. Marylands court of appeals, by a 4-to-3 vote, ruled against objections by the Murrays.The state court said the Constitutions First amendment was non intended to stifle all rapport between religion and government. Counsel for the Murrays a rgued out front the compulsive Court that the Maryland practice breached the synecdochical wall between church and state. The court was told that the son, William Murray, had been wounded by the practice in that he had confounded caste, had been spat on, and was assailed by fellow students of William. In the Pennsylvania case, a three-judge United sound outs regulate court in Philadelphia unanimously sustained pro demonstrateations to a state law requiring Bible reading daily at opening exercises of the schools.(Woods) Historical perspective of the US Constitution When the Constitutional Convention initially gathered in Philadelphia in 1787, the spiritual backdrop of the states was diverse. Most states gave authorized gratitude to one recognized spiritual value. For Instance, The state of Virginia, endureed the episcopal church service as representative of the state. Spiritual belief as a central part of colonial life was non in query. Somewhat, spiritual matters that oc cured among states centered on the variations amid states conventional values. The political scene overly turned off scripts of disunity.The Articles of Confederation had proved insufficient for governing, and the states were aggressive over issues of taxation pick uply, which should pay the cost incurred by the Revolutionary War. As the Constitutional Convention assembled, observers supposed the thought of a Constitution, some(prenominal) less(prenominal) a nation, was delicate and quickly fading. Presided by George Washington, this conference of some of the original Founders was observed as a last endeavor for unity. During the Constitutional Convention, states quarreled and self-interest thrived, to the academic degree that no progress was being made. It was then that an fourth-year Ben Franklin stood and said In the beginning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily collections in this room for Divine protection. Our petitioners, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must score observed frequent instances of a superintending providence in our favor and pretend we now forgotten this powerful Friend? Or do we imagine we no drawn-out need His avail? I have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth that God governs in the affairs of man.And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without His aid? I thus beg leave to move that, henceforth, postulations imploring the assistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations be held in this comp whatsoever every morning before we proceed to business The 81-year-old Benjamin Franklin was not one of the more religiously-minded design Fathershe actually believed more in the rational views of the French Enlightenmentyet he was instinctive to acknowledge the importance of request to the political asp irations of a nation. Not a plea bound to a denomination, like the states already had, but suppliant that acknowledged God as the Creator and Sustainer, prayer that alter the trivial blocs of authoritatively standard foundations. (MacLeod 1) Landmark Cases of unconditional Court ENGEL V. VITALE (1962) The Regents School Prayer What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals like prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to retell every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, but that was challenged and last struck slew by the autonomous Court.This is one of the closely important cases in the history of the Supreme Courts church/state decisions. The State Board of Regents, which had supervisory power over New York public schools, had die concerned about an apparent decline in the morality of school students and so began a program of moral and spiritual training in the schools. This program included a prayer every morning which the Regents themselves had composed in a nondenominational form. Labeled the To whom it may concern prayer by one commentator, it stated Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A group of 10 parents were joined by the ACLU in a suit against the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York because they had pick out that prayer. Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the American Ethical Union, the American Jewish Committee and the Syn agogue Council of America.Both the state court and the New York Court of Appeals allowed the prayer to be performd. Arguments were made on April 3rd, 1962. On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 1 that it was unconstitutional for a government agency like a school or government agents like public school employees to require students to recite prayers. In his majority opinion, Justice Black sided substantially with the a rguments of the disengagementists, who quoted heavily from doubting Thomas Jefferson and made extensive use of his wall of separation metaphor. finical emphasis was placed upon James Madisons Memorial and Remonstrance against spectral Assessments. According to Black, the governmentally created prayer recitation is much like the English creation of the Book of Common Prayer. It was to avoid hardly this symbol of relationship between government and organized religion that many early colonists came to America. In his words, the prayer was a practice wholly inconsistent with the institution Clause.Although the Regents argued that there was no compulsion on students to recite the prayer, Black observed that Neither the position that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observances on the part of students are instinctive can serve to free it from the limitations of the geological formation Clause The constitution clause is violated realiseless of whe ther there is any showing of direct government compulsionwhether those laws operate at once to coerce non-observing individuals or not. As if he anticipated the harsh public reaction, Black attempted to point out that the decision shows great respect for religion, not hostility. It is neither sacrilegious nor anti-religious to say that each adjourn government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious function to the people themselves and to those the people choose to look to for religious guidance. This case was one of the first in a series of cases, many in the 1960s, in which a garland of religious activities sponsored by the government were found to violate the Establishment Clause.This was the first case which effectively interdict the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp (from the pursuit year) as is unremarkably thought . People were outraged that official prayers were no longer permitted in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Representative of most reactions was a statement from evangelist Billy Graham, who tacit opposes church/state separation even today This is another step toward the secularization of the United States. The framers of our Constitution meant we were to have freedom of religion, not freedom from religion. Engel v. Vitale got the ball rolling on the separation of church and state in the latter half of the 20th century. (Cline, About incredulity / Atheism) ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP MURRAY v. CURLETT (1963) Since of the embargo of the First Amendment against the acting out by Congress of any law respecting an establishment of religion, which is made valid to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, no state law or school board may require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lords Prayer be recited in the public schools of a State at the beginning of each school day even if individual students may be excused from aid or participating in such exercises upon written request of their parents. Mutually these cases transactc with state- approved reading of Bible passages before classes in public schools.Schempp was conv spunk to trial by a religious family who had dropped a line to the ACLU. The Schempps defied a Pennsylvania law which declared that at least ten verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at the opening of each public school day. Any barbarian shall be excused from such Bible reading, or attending such Bible reading, upon written request of his parent or guardian. A federal regularize court banned this. Murray was dumbfounded to trial by an atheist Madalyn Murray (later OHair), who was functioning on the part of her sons, William and Garth. Murray defied a Baltimore canon that supplied for the reading, without comment, of a chapter of t he Holy Bible and/or of the Lords Prayer before the start of classes. This act was sustained by both a state court and the Maryland Court of Appeals in the Supreme Court. Opinions for both cases were deposit claimn notice of on the 27th and 28th of February, 1963. On the 17th of June, 1963, the Court ruled 8-1 against of allowing the reciting of the Bible verses and the Lords Prayer. Justice Clark wrote at length in his majority opinion about the history and significance of religion in America, but his finale was that the Constitution prohibits any concern of religion, that prayer is a form of religion, and that hence state- sponsored or mandated prayer in public schools cannot be permissible.For the foremost moment, an examination was formed to assess Establishment questions frontwards of courts what are the purpose and primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscrib ed by the Constitution. That is to say that to have got the structures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. emphasis added Justice Brennan wrote in a concurring opinion that, while legislators argued that they had a secular purpose with their law, their goals could have been achieved with readings from secular document. The law, however, only specified the use of religious writings and prayer. That the Bible readings were to be made without comment demonstrated even further that the legislators knew that they were dealing with specifically religious literature and wanted to avoid sectarian interpretations. A violation of the Free Exercise Clause was overly created by the coercive effect of the readings.That this might demand only minor encroachments on the First Amendment, as argued by others, was unrelated. The proportional study of religious conviction in public schools is not f orbidden but those religious adherences were not crafted with such visions in mentality. ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP was fundamentally a replicate of the Courts earlier Court end in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court acknowledged constitutional violations and struck the commandment. As with Engel, the Court held that the free temper of religious exercises (even allowing parents to exempt their children) did not avert the statutes from violating the Establishment Clause. There was, of course, an intensely negative public reaction. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and effectively reverse both decisions. Representative L. mendell Rivers accused the Court of legislating they never adjudicate with one eye on the Kremlin and the other on the NAACP. Cardinal Spellman claimed that the decision struck at the very heart of the elysian tradition in which Americas children have f or so long been raised.Although people frequently argue that Murray, who later instituted the American Atheists, was the women who got prayer put the boot of public schools and, it should be apparent that even had she never survived, the Schempp case soothe would have approached to the Supreme Court in some moment in time . (Cline, About skepticism / Atheism) LEMON v. KURTZMAN (1971) There are a lot of people in America who would like to see the government provide funding to private, religious schools. Critics argue that this would violate the separation of church and state and sometimes the courts agree with this position. This was actually three separate cases rotter v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso, and Robinson v. DiCenso. These cases from Pennsylvania and Rhode Island were joined unitedly because they all involved public assistance to private schools, some of which were religious. The final decision has become known by the first case in the list so-and-so v. Kurtzman.Pennsylv anias law provided for paying the salaries of teachers in insular schools and assisting the purchasing of textbooks or other teaching supplies, as required by Pennsylvanias Non-Public mere(a) and Secondary Education Act of 1968. In Rhode Island, the 15% of the salaries of private school teachers was paid by the government as mandated by the Rhode Island Salary Supplement Act of 1969. In both cases the teachers were teaching secular, not religious, subjects. Arguments were made on March 3rd, 1971. On June 28th, 1971, the Supreme Court unanimously found that direct government assistance to religious schools was unconstitutional. In the majority opinion written by Chief Justice Burger, the Court created what has become known as the stinkpot testing for deciding if a law is in violation of the Establishment Clause. Accepting the secular purpose attached to both statutes by the legislative body, the Court did not pass on the secular effect test, inasmuch as excessive entanglement was found. This entanglement arose because the legislature has not, and could not, provide state aid on the basis of a mere assumption that secular teachers under religious discipline can avoid conflicts.The State must be certain, given the Religion Clauses, that subsidized teachers do not enlighten religion. Because the schools concerned were religious schools, because they were under the control of the church hierarchy, and because the primary purpose of the schools was the propagation of the faith, a comprehensive, discriminating, and go on state surveillance entrust inevitably be required to ensure that these restrictions on religious utilization of aid are obeyed and the First Amendment otherwise respected. This sort of relationship could lead to any number of political problems in areas in which a large numbers of students attend religious schools just the sort of situation that the First Amendment was designed to prevent. Chief Justice Burger further wrote Every analysis in this area must begin with affection of the cumulative criteria developed by the Court over many years. First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances or inhibits religion finally, the statute must not foster and excessive government entanglement with religion.The excessive entanglement criteria was a new addition to the other two, which had already been created in the Abington Township School District v. Schempp. The two statutes in question were held to be in violation of this third criteria. This decision is curiously significant because it created the aforementioned Lemon show for evaluating laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a benchmark for all later decisions regarding religious liberty some people love it, some hate it. (Cline, About Agnosticism / Atheism) Court Tests Applied to Legislation Affecting Religion The Lemon Test Founded on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Court go out regulate a practice unconstitutional if 1) It lacks any secular purpose. That is, if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose. 2) The practice either promotes or inhibits religion. 3) Or the practice excessively (in the Courts opinion) involves government with a religion.The Coercion Test Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is applied to commit or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that Unconstitutional coercion occurs when (1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors. The Endorsement Test Finally, drawing from the 1989 case of Allegheny County v. ACLU, the practice is examined to see if it unconstitutionally endorses religion by conveying a communicate that religion is favored, preferred, or promoted over other beliefs. The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Tests Base d on its 1971 decision in the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court came up with the three tests of any religion-related law.The Lemon test is still used by the Court today to determine whether or not the law meets constitutional muster. In order for any law to satisfy the First Amendment, it 1) Must have some secular, or non-religious legal purpose 2) must neither promote or inhibit the practice of religion and 3) must not must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion. In its Lemon decision, the Supreme Court concludes, if a statute violates any of these three principles, it must be struck down under the Establishment Clause. Lemon Test v. The Ten Commandments When viewed against the Lemon tests, the first four of the Ten Commandments would fail because they have no secular, or non-religious legal purpose. Instead, they concern only specific religious duties expected of believers. 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto th ee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.3. Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. However, commandments 5-10, taken by themselves, make no mention of religion at all. Instead, they are all rules of proper conduct by people in society and are thus completely secular in nature. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false happen against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. But, the Aderholt Amendment did not rule out the first four commandments from contemplation. The 284 U.S. Representa tives vote for it. They drew from the rules of the people who engraved the Constitution. (US Govt. Info, Court Tests) Separation of Church and State Separation of church and state is not even stated in the U.S. Constitution, since its drafters did not encompass a dichotomy between their religious beliefs and the manuscript that constructed their Republic.However separation of church and state came earlier from two sources, a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to a group of ministers and from the U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The Danbury Letter. Thomas Jefferson wrote the famous phrase separation of church and state in a letter to the Committee of the Danbury Baptist experience in Connecticut. He was responding to the letter they had written, part of which said Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of unearthly LibertyThat Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and IndividualsThat no man ought to suffer in Name, person or effects on acco unt of his religious OpinionsThat the licit Power of civil Government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. Jeffersons response to their letter was amicable.He said, Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions emphasis added, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. Adhering to this expression of the compulsive will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced(p) he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. Jeffersons declaration of a wall of separation between Church and State expressed his opinion that the federal government did not have the authority to prescribe even occasional performances of religious devotion.He did not question the validity of religious belief, but he constructed his wall to protect religious freedom of conscience from the potential of one federally recognized religion. His fears were well founded. In his Inaugural Address of the previous year, Jefferson had noted that America had banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered. Clearly, Jefferson decried the federal domination of religious freedom through one accomplished church. In addition, when Jefferson founded the University of Virginia, the Pamphlet of University Regulations included two sections that read No compulsory attending on prayers or services. Each denomination to send a clergyman to conduct daily prayers and su nlight service for two weeks. Was this a man who would have sanctioned the complete removal of any form of prayer from the public schools of America? Obviously, Thomas Jeffersons views on church and state have been grossly distorted.Everson v. Board of Education. The second notable mention of the phrase separation of church and state came in the 1947 U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The plaintiff argued the New Jersey law that reimbursed parents for the cost of bus transportationto public and religious schoolsviolated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court said that it did not. In the majority opinion, however, Justice Hugo Black used language to set the stage for damaging rulings in the future. He wrote that the Establishment Clause created a complete separation between the state and religion. Jeffersons letter was written 10 years after the ratification of the First Amendment, yet Black relied upon his own interpretation of Jeffer sons words, rather than on the text of the First Amendment, to set the Everson precedent for future rulings. Twentieth-Century Cases Twentieth-century courts, based predominately on Jeffersons letter and on the precedent Justice Black created in Everson, have argued that the Constitution intended to separate all religious expression from public life.Yet that ignores the textual history and the original intent of James Madison, the author of these religion clauses. It also ignores the broad, historical context. The men who hammered out each section of the Constitution also believed in the importance of daily prayer. The Establishment Clause has often been misinterpreted to mean that any link to religion is establishing religion. One of the causes of this is a simple alteration of the wording in the First Amendment. The clause reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. It does not read, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion , as it is often misquoted. If the article is read as the, then it refers to establishment of all religion in general. If the article is an, then it clearly refers to a specific religion or denominationan interpretation indorse up by historical records. Realizing that the amendment uses the word an helps clarify the meaning of the Framers.So, rather than attempting to separate themselves from religious belief and expression, the Framers were move to keep one denomination from being favored over another. The twentieth-century cases pertinent to the issue of school prayer do not recognize those differences. They have clearly been built upon the framework created by Everson, as summaries of primeval cases demonstrate McCollum v. Board of Education (1948). It is a violation of the Establishment Clause for Jewish, Catholic or Protestant religious leaders to lead optional/voluntary religious instruction in public school buildings. Engel v. Vitale (1962). The daily recitation of prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963). Daily school-directed reading of the Bible (without comment), and daily recitation of the Lords Prayer, violates the Establishment Clause when performed in public schools. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971). This ruling created the three-part Lemon test for determining violations of the Establishment Clause. Stone v. Graham (1980).The Court struck down a state law requiring public schools to post the Ten Commandments (with a notice of secular application). Wallace v. Jaffree (1985). A state law requiring a moment of meditation or voluntary prayer was struck down as an establishment of religion because the intent of the legislature was deemed to be religious rather than secular. By Justice Stevens scripting the nap judgment, the Court decided 6-3 that the Alabama law providing for a moment of silence was unconstitutional. The decision underlined that inspection the Supreme Court apply while assessing the consti tutionality of government actions. Pretty than allow the argument that the inclusion of or voluntary prayer was a slight accumulation with a bit realistic implication, the goal of the legislature that approved it was adequate to display the unconstitutionality of prayer. Lee v. Weisman (1992). A private, nongovernmental individual (in this case a rabbi) at a public school graduation cannot offer prayer. Student rights were infringed upon, according to the Court, because the important nature of the event in effect compelled them to attend graduation.That, in effect, compelled students to bow their heads and be respectful during the prayer, which the Court ruled was a constitutional violation. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Jane Doe (2000). The Court struck down a school districts policy that allowed an elected student chaplain to open football games with a public prayer. Even though high school football games are purely voluntary activities, the Court concluded that the poli cy establishes an illicit majoritarian election on religion, and unquestionably has the purpose and creates the perception of encouraging the delivery of prayer at a series of important school events. Each of those cases paid attention on the Establishment Clause to the vituperate of the Free Exercise Clause. That has been the trend of the twentieth century. The courts have too quickly forgotten that the Constitution explicitly protects the free exercise of religion. (MacLeod 2-3) The earlier cases were more black and white, and the later ones were more grey in ground of the issues Stink of Unfairness in Later School Prayer Cases The era of 1980s instigated with a diktat not in favor of the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms, and by 1985 even so much as one minute of silence, for meditation or prayer by students, turned out to be inviolable even though firm decisions delivered by the supreme court (see Engel v. Vitale. Abington School District v. Schempp, Lemon v. Kurtz man). Engel v. Vitale case was one of the first in its origin in which a range of holy conducts backed by the government were found to defy the Establishment Clause.This was the first case which successfully forbidden the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp which is frequently considered. Public were irritated that official prayers were no longer legalized in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Delegates of most reactions were a declaration from evangelist Billy Graham, who still refuses to accept church/state separation yet at present. Abington School District v. Schempp case was fundamentally a consequence of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court recognized constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises. There was, of cou rse, an hugely harmful public behaviour. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and successfully overturn both verdicts.Lemon v. Kurtzman decision was particularly noteworthy because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for assessing laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a yardstick for all later decisions concerning religion freedom. By the turn of the 21st century the extirpation of loyalty from government schools had been merged, and the mugging on religion in public life fanned out into society at large. Proclamations were subjected exalting vice and suppressing virtue. The year2004 saw the outrage of despair, elevated to a full right under the Constitution, even as Gods Ten Commandments were driven off public property. In the supreme court of Alabama the Chief Justice dared to resist, and was stripped of his office. The judicial oligarchy forced all these changes in the name of the Constitution.The school cases were precise to the establishment clause of the First Amendment. So far the Amendment has a complimentary tool of religion clause, which the politburo of nine has elected to downplay or minimally ignorant. For instance, the Lee v. Weisman decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the pith contained in the prayer. Similarly, Upon reading Santa Fe, Ingebretsen, and Clear Creek II, it seems, with regard to the Establishment Clause, that cards of our court pay little regard to previous jurisprudence. One might think that a specific holding of a prior opinion is no more than a puff of wind. Santa Fe disregards Clear Creek II today. The next panel can disregard Santa Fe tomorrow. When judges ca n pick and choose without the constraints imposed by precedent, the public is left stranded, vulnerable to liability, helplessly dependent on the panel it draws. We could fulfill our constitutional and professional occupation to the public, vote this case en banc, and be of a single voice. But when our court refuses to rehear en banc cases such as Santa Fe, this unrestrained decision-making goes uncorrected.This failure to act, in turn, allows individual members of our court to continue to engage in an activity that has all the appearance of simply advancing personal philosophy. The Alito Nomination Chief Justice nates Roberts and future Justice Samuel Alito believably mean a more conservative Supreme Court. But it probably doesnt mean a stream of clear-cut conservative breakthroughs on abortion, affirmative action, school prayer or even move over burning. The future of constitutional rulings on those and other hot button issues will be determined by two words Anthony Kennedy. T hats an oversimplification of course. But it seems apparent that on a number of issues, there will be four conservatives, four liberals and there will be Justice Kennedy. Unlike Roberts and Alito who went to lengths to leave the world guessing about how they will rule, we know a lot about what Anthony Kennedyism means because he has already faced these issues as a justice. It means Roe v. walk isnt overturned, but partial birth abortion is banned and other abortion restrictions are accepted. optimistic action is more constrained but not ruled unconstitutional. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols are more likely to be tolerated, but the ban on school prayer is not overturned.Burning a U.S. flag to protest, and showing pornography on the internet continue to be constitutionally protected activities but McCain-Feingold- type regulations on political campaigning are vulnerable to First Amendment challenges. On the first day of the Alito hearings, Sen. Joseph Biden, D.-Del. , said that the elephant in the room was the question of whether Alito would cast the peremptory votes to reject the direction in which the Supreme Court has been going for the past 70 years. Over the next two and a half days, Alito endorsed some of those precedents (Brown v. the school board, one-person, one-vote, and the Constitutional right of privacy, at least as far as the contraception cases.) Alito also danced cunningly almost senators efforts to commit himself on some other precedents, most especially relating to abortion. This is the current state-of-the-art system for confirmation, and it appears to be working well. The intensity of the pro-choicer campaign against Alito leads one to forget that there are still cinque votes to affirm Roe, and that on many of the issues liberals care about, Kennedy has affirmed the basic Warren Court breakthrough rulings.Depending on the the health of Kennedy and the four liberals, and the outcome of future elections, the stakes simply may not be as high as Bidens elephants eye. (That was an elaborate conflation of the previous reference with a corny speech communication from Oh What a Beautiful Morning. Ask your parents.) If Roberts and Alito turn out to be solid allies of Scalia and Thomas, if the liberals stay together and stay well, and if Kennedy sticks with his established positions, that means Roe v. Wade is not overturned. Kennedy and the four liberals have already jilted that idea. But the congressional ban partial birth abortion is upheld. Kennedy already voted to uphold it once before. And other restrictions on abortion rights will be accepted. Affirmative action is not ruled unconstitutional at its core. Scalia and Thomas have indicated a willingness to strike it down completely. But Kennedy declined to join those opinions. On the other hand, colleges and universities will have an even rougher time figuring out how to construct a constitutional affirmative action program.In 2003, Justice OConnor joi ned the four liberals in upholding the University of Michigan Law Schools admissions program, which claimed to have found a way to act affirmatively without explicit quotas or race-based point systems. Kennedy and the conservatives formed a four-member bloc that didnt buy it. Quite likely, if a similar question makes it to the court, Kennedy will cast the decisive vote. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols, like the 10 commandments, are more likely to be tolerated when Kennedys becomes the key golf shot vote. But the breakthrough Warren-era decision, banning school prayer, will not be overturned. Kennedy has already endorsed that precedent. Kennedys free speech jurisprudence has a strong libertarian streak. That has helped liberals construe the burning of a U.S. flag by protesters and viewing pornography on the internet as constitutionally protected activities under the First Amendment. But Kennedys libertarian streak made him leery of McCain-Feingold-type regulations that restrict political advertising in the name of campaign finance reform.The next time those issues roll around, Kennedy may provide the fifth vote necessary to strike down those regulations on First Amendment grounds. ( Black and Tice 1-2) Arguments against and in favor of School Prayer School Prayer was a chief center of attention of Darrell Scotts (father of Rachel Scott, a victim of the Columbine High School Shootings in Littleton, Colorado) testimony to the House Judiciary Committee in a exceptional session of the U.S. Congress on Thursday, May 27, 1999. What Darrell Scott said to our national leaders regarding school prayer was utterly factual and enlightening for all of us. The following is a portion of the transcript I wrote a poem just four nights ago that expresses my feelings best. This was written before I knew I would be speaking here today. Your laws ignore our deepest needs, Your words are empty air. Youve stripped away our heritage, Youve outlawed simple prayer. Now g unshots fill our classrooms, And precious children die. You seek for answers everywhere, And require the question, Why? You regulate inhibitory laws, Through legislative creed.And yet you fail to understand, That God is what we need Men and women are three-part beings. We all consist of body, soul, and spirit. When we refuse to acknowledge a third part of our make-up, we create a void that allows evil, prejudice, and hatred to rush in and wreak havoc. Spiritual influences were present within our educational systems for most of our nations history. Many of our major colleges began as theological seminaries. This is a historical fact. What has happened to us as a nation? We have refused to prize God, and in doing so, we open the doors to hatred and violence. And when something as terrible as Columbines tragedy occurs, politicians promptly look for a scapegoat such as the NRA. They immediately seek to pass more restrictive laws that contribute to the erosion of our personal and priv ate liberties. We do not need more restrictive laws. Eric and Dylan would not have been stopped by metal detectors.No amount of gun laws can stop psyche who spends months planning this type of massacre. The real villain lies within our own hearts. Political posturing and restrictive legislation are not the answers. The young people of our nation hold the key. There is a spiritual alter taking place that will not be squelched We do not need more religion. We do not need more gaudy television evangelists spewing out verbal religious garbage. We do not need more million dollar church buildings built while people with basic needs are being ignored. We do need a change of heart and a humiliate acknowledgment that this nation was founded on the principle of simple trust in God As my son, Craig, lay under that table in the school library and saw his two friends murdered before his very eyes, he did not hesitate to pray in school. I defy any law or politician to deny him that right I cha llenge every young person in America, and around the world, to realize that on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School, prayer was brought back to our schools. Do not let the many prayers offered by those students be in vain.Dare to move into the new millennium with a sacred regard for legislation that protects your God-given right to communicate with Him. (Popular Issues, School Prayer) There is always a state of war between secular humanists and groups like the Christian Coalition are concerning prayer in high schools and the victim is the innocent average high school kid. Each moment in time the argument is reawakened it concludes in a deadlock. The supporters of prayers say it will add to the broadmindedness in schools, as children be taught of diverse religions will convey to surface the special inquiries kids have about God and religion and allow them to investigate for their own conviction. The majority of them believe that prayers will lend a hand overturning the moral de gradation of the society. Contrarily, Secularists shapes the public schools exist to educate, not to proselytize. Religion is private, and schools are public, both of the things couldnt be intermixable.Whilst the sunup members of the clergy supports prayer during the Constitutional Convention and in ordinances governing education, the U.S. Supreme Court has vividly transferred their original premises. Some legal scholars and special interest groups have built upon those precedents, creating other rationalizations for limiting religious expression in Americas public schools. The in general widespread pettifog of such individuals is that the government has a responsibility to be neutral, so that no child is offended by the religious speech of another. This is erroneous because the issue cannot be neutral. Elimination of religious expression for the atheist will offend the child who believes in God. So, the schools must choose. Since 1962, they have sided with the small, nonreligious minority of atheists which, as modern Newsweek poll shows, consists of only 4 percent of the population. By contrast, 94 percent of respondents to that same survey professed a religious faith, and 61 percent said that they agreed with the statement that religion is very important in their lives. If free religious expression in the form of prayers is forbidden, school officials are, at the very least, teaching children that public recognition of God is not as significant as the things the schools can argue.It looks irrational that public schools permits open discussion about sexism but do not permit unwrap conversation regarding God. The courts have pass on that schools can allocate free religious expressions devoid of implementing any meticulous category of spiritual consideration. some other dilemma is School prayer polarizes citizens around a religious axis. so far the First Amendment was printed to cook the bickers that might effect in the midst of values. Not tolerating pra yer has done more to polarize citizens than almost any other issue in American history. Allowing prayer would put decision-making back in the pass of parents and local school boards, where it once rested. Those local boards could position guiding principles that would permit students who object to all prayer or some prayers not to chip in, just as many religious students have opted out of sex education classes at school place. That would obviously revere the rights of the minority, without infringing upon the rights of the majority. Local school boards would also be sheltered by the constitutional time/place/manner restrictions that apply equally to religious and nonreligious dialogue. In due course, a reinstatement of liberated expression to local public schools would unite, not polarize, citizens.The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment presents that government shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion. Because public schools are government funded, prayer led by school officials or incorporated into the school routine amounts to government-established religion. Prayer is school is already legal. Students are already allowed to pray on a voluntary basis (in a non-disruptive way) so formal school prayer is unnecessary. School prayer may lead to intolerance. Public prayer will emphasize religious diversity of which students may have been oblivious. Those students who withdraw from school prayer or dissent against it may be detested. School prayer is intrinsically coercive and cannot be implemented in a way that is truthfully intentional.The public school system is created for all students and supported by all taxpayers. It should therefore remain neutral on religious issues over which students and taxpayers will differ. Since no formal school prayer could simultaneously honor and uphold the tenets of the many religions practiced in the U.S., as well as various denominational differences, prayer is better left in the home and religious i nstitution of the individual students choice. An associated squabble is that school prayer assumes the function of parents and religious institutions who wish to offer religious instruction in property with their possessive viewpoints. (All About History, School Prayers)pariah Jaffree alleged after Supreme Court decision (1985) For me, the fight is over. But prayer will go on in the schools. It just wont go on in any of my childrens classes. (NY Times B51) Works Cited Edward F. Woods. Court Outlaws Prayer in Schools.(1963) St. Louis Post-Dispatch Laurel MacLeod. School Prayer And Religious Liberty A Constitutional Perspective. (2000) http//www.cwfa.org/images/content/cwaicon.ico Frohnmayer, John. Out of Tune Listening to the First Amendment. Golden, Colorado North American Press, (1995). Austin Cline. Prayers in Public Schools. About Agnosticism / Atheism. http//usgovtifo.about.com Church and State How the Court Decides. US Govt. Info/ Resources http//usgovtifo.about.com School P rayer Case Law- Absolute Necessity. Popular Issues http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org Choper, Jesse H. Securing Religious Liberty Principles for Judicial Interpretation of the Religious Clauses. University of Chicago Press. (1995). Erick Black and DJ Tice. The Big Question Who was the elephant not in the room? Star Tribune (2006) http//www.startribune.com/blogs/bigquestion/?m=200601 Arguments Against School Prayer. All About History http//www.allabouthistory.org Ishmael Jaffree. Quotation of the Day. The New York Times. B51, Published June 5, 1985.