Sodium Hydroxide Essay Example for Free

sodium hydroxide EssayResearch QuestionWhen unvarying successive portions of sodium hydroxide are added to acetic Acid how do the changing enumerates of sodium hydroxide mixed with Acetic Acid in the conelike flaskful affect the pKa of Acetic Acid?Background ResearchA worn out paneling is defined as being an erosive that does not donate all of its hydrogen ions in a solution (Neuss, 2007) A weak acid represented by HA will everlastingly be in equilibrium with its ions in an aqueous solution, for example HA (aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq)The equilibrium constant will thus be given as products over reactants byKa is most commonly known as the acid dissociation constant. The pKa is just the pH of the Ka i.e. pKa = -logKa and is apply as a quantitative measure the strength of a weak acid in solution. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), on the other hand, is a strong origin and reacts with Acetic acid (CH3COOH) to produce water ( water) and a salt (NaCH3 OO) as followsCH3COOH + NaOH H2O + NaCH3OOA method called a Titration provides information about the behavior of acids through the pH scale. In a titration, plant is gradually added until the acid gain groundes an endpoint or equivalence point. When the equivalence point is reached, the pH of the solution will change rapidly, be pass water all the acid has reacted with the added household. A pH meter can be used to determine the pH of the acid throughout the titration, and can be used to determine the equivalence point. When carefully measured volumes of strong mean are added to a solution of weak acid and the pH is noted, a graph can be drawn with pH on the y axis and the volume on the x axis. The graph is known as the Titration/pH curve and the theoretical pH curve of the neutralization reaction between Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide is provided belowFigure 1 Theoretical Titration curve of Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide.This picture was obtained through www.google.com/ima ges/titrationcurveThe flat portion of the titration curve onward the end point (refer to figure 1) is called the buffer region. In this part of the pH scale, that the Acetic acid and Sodium hydroxide are both preset in significant concentrations and the solution resists changes in pH. In the middle of the buffer region lies the half equivalence point. Here the volume of base added is half that required to reach the equivalence point. We can determine the pKa or Ka of an acid by decision the pH when half way to the endpoint of the titration since pKa = -log Ka (refer to figure 1).A smaller Ka valuate suggests a larger pKa value. The larger the pKa value the weaker the acid. Base solution is added until the equivalence point is reached. Thus, to determine the pKa of Acetic acid, the amounts of base mixed with acid will vary, the pH will be measured at regular intervals which will ultimately allow the pKa to be determined.HypothesisIn this essay, the amount of Sodium Hydroxide relea sed from the burette will never change. What changes, thus far, is how much base is in the conical flask. To begin with there will be no base but when 1cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added and so there is 1mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. Then when another 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added there will be 2mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. So what is changed is the amount of base in the conical flask and it is this amount of base that changes the pKa.Thus, I hypothesize that as the amount of Sodium Hydroxide increases, pH will gradually increase until it reaches the end point where there will be a sudden increase. Afterwards, the amount of base will overtake the Acetic acid and this would result in a plateau in the pH curve. scene 2Defining Independent and pendant versatilesTable 1 Dependent and Independent VariablesIndependentThe amount of base (Sodium hydroxide) mixed with acid. In other words, the volume of NaOH dropped into the acid is controlled but what i s changed is the amount of base in the conical flask.(1 cm3 will always be followed with 1 cm3, there will be no change in how much you put in each time what changes is how much acid there is in the beaker)DependentThe pH of the solutionControlling VariablesTable 2 Variables and Methods of ControlTypeVariableMethod of ControlControlledThe volume of the Acetic acid will be controlled20 cm3 of the Acetic acid will be measured out apply a Mohr pipet and consequently carefully released into the conical flaskThe pressure under which the experiment is carried out.All experiments will be conducted standard laboratory conditions, which promoter at 1atm pressureThe Temperature under which each experiment is conducted.All experiments will be conducted in the same room within quick succession.The amount of base added to conical flask each timeSuccessive portions of 1 cm3 of NaOH will be added to the conical flask until it reaches the endpointHuman judgment errorsThe person conducting the ex periment must read from the burette in which holds the NaOH. By using the same person for each experiment- the error of judgment will be kept constant.Aspect 3Materials and Equipment List ( large for 1 titration including the rough titration) 1 x 50 +/- 0.05 cm3 Burette 1 x Burette Stand and clamp 1 x funnel 1 x 100 +/-0.050 cm3 Conical flask GLX pH investigation 1L Distilled Water 1 x 20 +/- 0.020 cm3 Mohr pipet 50 cm3 of Acetic Acid concentration of approximately 0.1mol dm -3 100 cm3 Sodium Hydroxide solution 0. 1mol dm -3 Safety render White report Graph Paper Pen Pencil, for drawing the Graph Rubber Gloves (in case of glass breakage) 1 x White tile 1 x Standard Bulb 50 cm3 bottle of Phenolphthalein exponent (only 4 drops are required) Paper towels (for cleaning)Figure 2 Conical Flask Figure 3 Burette Figure 4 Mohr PipetteThese pictures were all obtained from www.google.com/imagesGeneral Method1. Before commencing this experiment it was made sure that all confused in the exp eriment were wearing the safety goggles and a lab coat to avoid risk of injury (refer to parry 3)2. The Titration was set up as follows, with the clamp holding the burette and the funnel at the concealment of the burette. The conical flask should be placed on a white tile underneath the burette. The burette should be clamped so that its tip is within the conical flask but above the surface of the solution.Figure 5 Titration set-up3. The burette was then rinsed with distilled water to ensure that it is clean and to avoid errors4. Usually experimenters cannot reach the sneak of the burette when its placed on a lab bench, so as a result, the burette and the burette stand were placed on the ground and Sodium Hydroxide was carefully poured to the first digit on the direct of the burette (usually 0) via the funnel. The initial recitation of the burette was then recorded in the results table, refer to table 3. Afterwards, the burette was returned to its original position on the top of the bench5. The Mohr pipet was then checked for chips and cracks and was rinsed several times to ensure accurate volume measurements6. Afterwards, the Mohr pipette was used to collect 20 cm3 of acid (Please refer to the Using Mohr pipette method) and the acid was then poured into the conical flask7. Immediately following, the GLX pH probe, refer to GLX probe method, was adjusted and the head was placed in the acid, the pH of the initial acid was recorded in the results table, refer to table 38. 2 drops of Phenolphthalein was then added to the acid. The Phenolphthalein is an indicator which means it turns pink when base is added, an denotation of endpoint would be that the liquid in the conical flask turns pink9. To begin with, a rough Titration was be done to estimate the endpoint10. In a rough Titration the tap was opened, and the base was simultaneously released into the conical flask until the liquid turned pink in which the tap was closed. When the liquid turned pink the final pH was recorded in the results table. Also record the final reading of the burette. The Rough Titration is only an indication and so should not be used in data analysis.11. After the Rough Titration, the solution in the conical flask was discarded in the sink. Since the products were change solutions of common salts they can safely be habituated of down the sink.12. The conical flask was then washed with distilled water and 20 cm3 of Acetic acid was then poured into it via the Mohr pipette. And immediately following this, the GLX pH probe was placed inside the acid. Sodium Hydroxide was also then poured into the burette, using the method discussed in point 4, to top it up13. The titration was then initiated, and successive portions of 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide were added to the conical flask. After each addition, the burette and pH readings were obtained and recorded. If the person doing the experiment is right handed, then their right hand should be used to open and close the ta p to allow Sodium Hydroxide to drip out and their left hand should be used to swirl the solutions in the conical flask. Swirling is important as the pH may drift until a completely homogenous solution is achieved. The same dogma applies to left handers, except they would of course use their left hand instead of their right hand to release the NaOH.14. The Titration was continued until the pH reached 12, the final burette reading was also recorded15. This titration process (steps 11-14) was repeated another two times, allowing more reliable results.16. After the Titration the benches were wiped down using paper towels, the solution was discarded in the sink and the glassware was placed in the designated container. Hands were washed before leaving the laboratory.17. By the results gathered, a Titration curve can be drawn. The pH would dim-witted be on the y axis while the volume of the base would be on the x axis. The pKa can be determined by finding the pH halfway to the endpoint o f the Titration curve.GLX pH probe method1. The probe was first turned on and then pH probe section was out of use(p) in at the top.2. The pH probe section was then placed into the Acetic acid3. Automatically, a pH reading appeared on the screen4. When enough data was collected the recorded was stopped and the probe was unplugged5. The GLX pH probe was then plugged into a laptop to export the data to the computers hard stupefyUsing Mohr Pipette method1. The standard bulb was attached to the end of the pipette by carefully fitting the bulb at the end of the pipette2. The pipette tip was then placed below the surface of the liquid and the bulb was squeezed to draw the liquid up.3. The volume of the Acetic acid in the pipette was determined by reading the meniscus of the pipette4. The pipette was then held above the conical flask, and the bulb was released to release all the liquid into the conical flaskTable 3 The results tablepH recordedRough Titration strength of Sodium Hydroxide addedAmount of base in the conical flask (burette reading) first Trail2nd Trail3rd TrialInitial burette reading (cm3)1 cm31 cm3Final burette reading (cm3)1cm32 cm3Volume of Titration (cm3)1cm33 cm31 cm34 cm31cm35 cm3Note The purple shaded region is the rough Titration. The volume of Sodium Hydroxide added each time will always be 1 cm3 but the Amount of base in the conical flask will change. Also, the patterns in this table should be continued until the Amount of base in the conical flask is at least 30 cm3. The pH will be recorded via the GLX data probe.Safety PrecautionsTable 4 The risks involved in the experiment and safety precautions to decoct the risksNameRiskPrecautionsSodium HydroxideCan cause serious burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Sodium Hydroxide cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin tactile sensation.Safety Glasses are needed to reduce the risk of injury if a spill occurs. Avoid skin con tact with Sodium Hydroxide as well as ingestion.Acetic acidCauses burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Acetic acid cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin contact.Safety Glasses should be worn the entire time to reduce the risk of injury. Gloves and Lab coat should be worn to avoid skin irritation. Avoid skin contact with Acetic acid.Glass wearBreakages can cause cuts and serious chemical spillsWearing rubber gloves make sure that all broken glass is disposed of appropriately. The burette should also be handled very carefully as it is very fragile.Spillage of Sodium Hydroxide or Acetic acidCan cause serious burnsWash any spills copiously with waterBIBLIOGRAPHY* Volumetric analysis. 4 Feb 2009 http//www.uwplatt.edu/chemep/chem/chemscape/LABDOCS/CATOFP/measurea/volume/pipet/pipet4.htm.* Acid-base titrations. Wikipedia. 4 Feb 2009 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_titration.* pKa and LogP Measurements. 4 Feb 2009 http//www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm.* pKa of a weak acid. 4 Feb 2009 http//209.85.173.132/search?q=cacheE6yRz3RiHlwJwww.profpaz.com/Files/chem102/Exp_10.pdf+%22volume+at+equivalence+point%22hl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=au.* Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry . London Oxford, 2007.* Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry For the IB diploma. London Oxford, 2007.Cited using http//citationmachine.net/index2.php