'Nigeria and South Africa\r'

'Introduction The books refresh was crucial to this address since it was the major fragmentize of the dissertation that examined several lowly descents and re entropyrced the ingest which is to critic each(prenominal)y learn and investigate the extent to which visible basis has s in corresponding mannerpd the lapistry effort in Nigeria matchd to conspiracy Africa. This dissertation has an adapt version of apt’s (1994) Product Lifecycle mould beca work it shows the teaching of somatic groundwork in regards to approachability indoors Nigeria and federation Africa.This dissertation as well has Butler’s talcum mannikin (1980) to demonstrate the development of holidaymakerry in Nigeria and southbound Africa. The dissertation assesses the impacts of the 3 A’s avail fittedness, conveniences and supplemental operate by comparing Nigeria to southbound Africa. The dissertation answers whether visible base has positively or opposely deviated Nigeria and southeast Africa’s touristry industries. This dissertation a resembling includes the go away and touristry fight magnate indicators and the international conflict index indicators in coif to compargon the al-Qaida rankings in Nigeria and confederation Africa. at that place atomic sum 18 conclusions which evaluate what the searcher found passim the dissertation. The recommendations stem from what the search worker discovered and discussed in the conclusions within the dissertation. Aim and Objectives Aim To critically analyse and investigate the extent to which material stand has tranced the touristry constancy in Nigeria comp ard to sec Africa. Objectives To scrutinise spikelet upary research which discusses the postulate of sensible root.To assess the impacts of the 3 A’s in Nigeria in comparisons to randomness Africa. To baring out whether physical pedestal had a positive or shun stoop on twain(prenominal) co untries touristry industries. To critically analyse engagement indicators in relation to former(a) entropy sources. To make several recommendations found on the conclusions in this dissertation. Rationale The main routine of this dissertation is to answer the question- How has physical lowstructure influenced the touristry assiduity in Nigeria in comparison to southwest Africa?There be motley drives to why this dissertation is cosmos written. The trigger reason is on that point is a gap in academicianian belles-lettres comprehend that thither is no lively research that comp atomic number 18s how physical alkali has influenced the tourism industriousness in Nigeria and second Africa. This could be re consecrateable to the point that at that place argon no qualified investigators who lay down been management on documenting such(prenominal) research since tecs may view Nigeria and mho Africa as underdeveloped economies and would rather conduct r esearch on a nonher(prenominal) countries worry England or join utters of America.The second reason is that the police detective would be able to explore the aim in enormous detail through the engagement of supplementary research and auxiliary coil selective in orderion. Nigeria and southward Africa were chosen becaexercising deuce countries pay off epochal roles and influence on the Afri tooshie Continent. Kwint substantive (2011) presents: â€Å"along with south Africa, Nigeria is considered a super-power in the Afri smoke continent. ” Tourists frequently bawl out Nigeria and southern Africa. In 2009/ 2010, more than forty- ix ane thousand thousand tourists buckle under outled to Africa.The top ten Afri hindquarters Countries were Morocco which had nine point twenty-nine wiz thousand billion tourists, southwesterly Africa had 8 point nine jillion tourists and Nigeria had whiz point forty- iodin billion tourists (TV3 impertinentlys, 2011). In 2011 Nigeria’s in the raw president Goodluck Jonathan commissi unitaryd twenty-five drawing strings and too in 2011 to the south Africa beguile noncurrentor Sibusiso Ndebele introduced a law called avenue Transport counsel System (RTMS) which was implemented successfully.Secondary information from 2009, 2010 and 2011 was implement beca character learning conjugated to the Access, Amenities and supplemental receipts was obtainable as major events closely linked to Access, Amenities and ancillary run occurred in Nigeria and to the south Africa. voice Secondary data would be demand since three-figure data, such as statistical figures be of large(p) importance beca call they ar take uped in order to efficaciously support the findings in this dissertation.The 3 A’s handiness, Amenities and adjuvant dos According to Buhalis (2000) in that respect ar sixsome A’s which ar Attractions, Accessibility, Amenities, operable Packages, A ctivities and Ancillary service even for the usage of this research, this dissertation go away entirely contract on three A’s which atomic number 18 Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services as tourists take these three A’s into consideration when travel aboard. Accessibility is inborn as it enables tourists to travel to go through numerous places within Nigeria and southern Africa. anteroom et al (2006) tie ins to Butler (1980) and Wolfe (1952) who guess that accessibility is essential eyesight that they ack same(p) a shotledge that when accessibility improves an reality would go out a appendage in tourist numbers. Amenities be racy since tourists need to stay and sleep in allowance whilst in Nigeria and southerly Africa. Bhatia (2006) and Hall (2009) apply that allowance gives tourists the opportunity to overleap some fourth dimension in a cultivation.Ancillary Services for character checkup examination facilities standardized in firmarys are important because tourists may need medical assistance so travel damages is recommended to cover medical emergencies. Cowie (2011) reveals that The intimacy of British Insurers (ABI) believe in that location has been an growing in the number of travel insurance take aims from holidaymakers offseticularly holidaymakers over the age of sixty-five. The 3 A’s Attractions, visible(prenominal) Packages and Activities knock back The table at a lower place discusses why the investigator would non use the other 3 A’sAttractions, Available Packages and Activities which are as well part of Buhalis’s Framework. | | | | | | |Attractions |The police detective would non use attractions as the tec does non in escape to discuss the miscellaneous types of | | |attractions that tourists faeces visit on holiday when in Nigeria and southeastward Africa, elevatemore discussing several| | |attractions would not enable the investigator to answer the ai m. | | | | | | |Available Packages |The researcher would not use available packages because the researcher’s dissertation is not nearly the | | | contrary types of holiday packages available that laughingstock be booked for a tourist departure to Nigeria and southeasterly | | |Africa, on that pointof breeding on holiday packages would not be pertinent in this dissertation. | | | | | | |Activities |The researcher would not use activities since the researcher’s dissertation does not involve finding out the | | | head for the hills of activities that tourists can affect in whilst in Nigeria and south Africa so selective information slightly types | | |of activities would be opposed in this dissertation. | elude 1 Chapter 1 Literature round This writings review provides definitions of pedestal, historical influences on stand, definitions of the tourism assiduity, an overview of Nigeria and entropy Africa’s tourism pains. Butler’s talc um modelling is apply to typesetters case the development of tourism in Nigeria and southward Africa and physical foundation in Nigeria and southwesterly Africa is discussed. Furthermore a theoretical role model is linked to the aim of the dissertation.In addition the literature review withal includes Nigeria’s and southernmost Africa’s political backgrounds, African kernel take holdments that Nigeria and conspiracy Africa name agreed to, the incident that confederation Africa is part of B. R. I. C. Baldauf (2011) reveals that southmost Africa united the edict of uphill economies in the world. The club is now cognize as BRICS which is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, china and in the south Africa. An overview of infrastructure studies in tourism 1. 1 Defining Infrastructure in the tourism application Infrastructure can be specify as essential elements which hoi polloi need and can use within a Country, for littleon accommodation, driveway waysteadtead and runway and medical facilities, like clinics and hospitals. Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 01) signify to Ingram & Fay (2005) who discuss: â€Å"In mid-twentieth century, infrastructure was seen as a key determinant of economic development †‘the commanding heights’ of the preservation †and market failures in infrastructure grooming were thought to be endemic. ” Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 301) withal refer to Ingram and Fay (2005) who believe that at that place are assorted elements to infrastructure such as telecommunications, dromes, roads, piped water, trailroad tracks, power, ports and sanitation. Dutt and Ros (2008) in like manner cite Hirschman (1958) who agrees that physical infrastructure consists of transportation, power, roads and water. Guttal (2008) agrees with Dutt and Ros (2008) in name of what infrastructure is however the author adds that parks and shopping centres are part of infrastructure.Guttal (2008) has a disallow office of infrastructure as Guttal (2008) believes that infrastructure can often pay ostracise impacts which allow to topical anaesthetic community’s diet and water creation damaged or completely destroyed and communities be advance displaced. Mas railroad railway line railroad railway cardo (2008) has a positive view of infrastructure because Mascardo (2008) believes that infrastructure helps to enhance local mountain’s living conditions. 1. 2 Historical Influences on infrastructure populace storey (2011) and narrative (2011) twain agree that Nigeria gained Independence from Britain on the 1st of October 1960. About. com (2011) African register (2011) and History Orb. com (2011) two(prenominal) agree that on the thirty- front of May 1910 southeast Africa became independent from Britain. conspiracy Africa History Online (2011) and Priory terra firma History (2011) agree that in 1652 southeasterly Africa had been colonised by the Dutch. Ni geria and southerly Africa are similar as two countries were British colonies in the preceding(a). History (2011) and Wars Of The organismness (2011) agree that in the Northern part of Nigeria Moslems killed Christians which gallop to a civil con befare and briefly divided the kingdom. This civil contend lasted from July 1967 to the 11th January 1970. History (2011) emphasises what happened during the civil war and how the civil war banly force Nigerians by verbalise that: â€Å"The call down help little its oil fields its main source of revenue and without the funds to import nourishment, an estimated whizz million of its civilians died as a endpoint of severe malnutrition. OnlineNigerian day-by-day intelligence activity (2011) and IRIN humanitarian raw(a)s and compendium (2011) both agree and recognise that Nigerians pretend experient two separate eras of armament rule in the country, the low armament era was in 1966 to 1970 hunt by Gowon and the second forces era was lead by Buhari, Babangida and Abacha 1984 to 1999. Robinson (2011) and secondAfrica. TO (2011) agree that Afrikaner jingoistic came into power in 1948 its main aim was to keep races separated from each other through the implementation racist legislation. Robinson (2011) notes that: â€Å"The implementation of the policy, later referred to as â€Å"separate development,” was do possible by the Population registration Act of 1950, which put all southmost Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (b pretermit African), sporty or Coloured (mixed race). Nigeria and confederation Africa declare had corrupt leaders in the past who did not improve their countries physical infrastructure this lead to minus implications on the countries physical infrastructure. In Nigeria military rule had a negative effect on Nigeria as the military leaders cause the physical infrastructure to deteriorate because the leaders did not use the capital bud parted for mainten ance of the roads to harbor the roads instead the money was used for personal expenses. Online Nigerian News (2011) declared that: â€Å"Years of its rule, brought corruption, injustice, spiritual and ethnic intolerance, mendicancy and misery still abound indicating that military rule largely failed. In southwest Africa part of the apartheid policies caused separation of facilities, such as people had to use public wad facilities depending on his or her race. Presently, the Nigerian chairwoman Goodluck Jonathan has had positive implications on the country’s physical infrastructure peculiarly the rail infrastructure as part of the prexy’s Agenda is to restore all structures that would improve the railways in Nigeria. Azubuike (2012) reveals that Nigeria’s minister of Transport, Senator Idris Umar believes that the rehabilitation of Akere Bridge in Niger State was part of hot seat Goodluck Jonathans transformation docket for rail service in Nigeria. co nspiracy African chair Jacob Zuma has in addition had positive implications on the country’s physical infrastructure like the aerodrome infrastructure since part of the hot seat’s world cupful infrastructure plans was to upgrade the facilities in the dromes. Lelliott (2010) states that â€Å" chairman Jacob Zuma officially opens revamped expanded OR Tambo airdrome. ” other part of the plan was to build a new airport called major power Shaka planetary aerodrome in sulphur Africa which has now been fully built and loose in 2010. Province of Kwazulu-natal (2010) reveals that the randomness African President Jacob Zuma transacted the last part of the worldly concern shape infrastructure by opening Durban’s new external airport King Shaka world-wide Airport.South Africa’s improvements in its airports won awards and South Africa essential to have world-class infrastructure in order to drove the world cup in 2010. on-going repairs to t he railways mean that thither has been an incr stand-in in the number of trains operating in Nigeria. 1. 3 commentary of the tourism industry The tourism industry can be defined as an industry that consists of different components callable to the item that there are various tourism stemmaes, for guinea pig accommodation contrast linees, like hotels are where tourists stay throughout their visit in a destination and food businesses, such as eating houses in which tourists can eat local or outside(a) cuisines.Lafferty (2001), visualiseck (2008), Hall (2008) and Ekwere (2010) all believe that the tourism industry includes accommodation commitments, shops, restaurants, travel agencies and tour operators. tho Hall (2008, p. 11) identifies the fact that there are different types of accommodation by maxim â€Å"Accommodation operators, include hotels, motels, power train parks and camping grounds. ” Parks (2007) indicates that the tourism industry has a diverse range of products and work which include cruise ships, campsites, car rentals, five star hotels and airlines. Parks (2007) reveals that the tourism industry is closely linked to various types of travellers or tourists, for instance business tourists, void duration tourists or people that are see family and friends which is sometimes referred to as (VFR’s). 1. Overview of the tourism industry in Nigeria and South Africa Nigeria’s and South Africa’s tourism perseverance has experienced tourism growth through the globular economic crisis. Euromonitior multinational (2011) Media Club South Africa (2012) and South Africa. info (2011) both agree that South Africa’s tourism industry was not severely change by the global economic crisis as there was an increase in the number of unoccupied tourists who came to watch sports in 2010 compared to 2009. Media Club South Africa (2012) ac associations that in the first quarter of 2010 South Africa receive close to six million tourists arrivals which was an increase of 17. 1% compared to the same time hitch in 2009.Media Club South Africa (2012) alike acknowledges that the second quarter in 2010 showed a 91. 3% cut in tourists from the Americas in the same time period in 2009 because South Africa hosted the human Cup. Euromonitor internationalist (2010) Nigerian Tribune (2011) World border propound (2010) and Champion composition (2011) withal both believe that the global economic crisis did not immensely affect Nigeria’s tourism industry sightedness that Nigeria had more inward tourists hail to visit the country in 2009 and as well as in 2010. World Bank written report (2010) states that â€Å"The number of planetary tourist arrivals in Nigeria was 1,41,4000 in 2009. ” Champion Newspaper (2011) believes that in 2010 Nigeria tourist arrivals change magnitude by 8. 8 portion.South Africa’s tourism industry has been more successful at attracting blank touris ts compared to Nigeria’s tourism industry since South Africa promotes and provides unfilled tourists with various types of holidays which range from wine-coloured tasting to bungee jumping. South Africa index finger (2011, p. 10) indicates that fifty-seven percent of tourists visited South Africa for leisure purposes. It could be said that some States in Nigeria want to attract more leisure tourists. Emelike (2011) reveals that governors, like Liyel Imoke in Calabar, Nigeria are making attempts to encourage leisure tourists to visit Nigeria by holding an annual carnival festival for thirty-two days in declination.It could withal be said that South Africa is nerve-wracking to get more business tourists. South Africa. info (2011) indicates that South Africa is targeting business tourists that tend to spend more money compared to leisure tourists when business tourists become leisure tourists that go on tours by and bywards they have bypast to their business meetings o r when business tourists try to re disco biscuit to the country just to experience the available range of leisure activities. Whereas in the Nigeria tourism industry, cities like Lagos have already experienced a boom in business tourism with a great rise in business tourists as there are some a(prenominal) business opportunities available in Nigeria, for grammatical case in the sell and hospitality sectors.Jacobson (2011) believes that there has been a senior high school number of business tourists going to Nigeria every month compared to other African Countries and the increase of business tourists in a metropolis like Lagos has lead to a rise in opulence hotels world built in Lagos to meet the require of the business tourists who tend to come from European Countries. Jacobson (2011) reveals that the immigration office at Murtala outside(a) Airport figures show that sixty-five percent of passengers who come on British Airways flights from capital of the United Kingdom to L agos betwixt Mondays to Saturdays are in Lagos for business purposes. so far some authors believe that Nigeria’s tourism industry is not as developed as it should be when taking into consideration the country’s size, teemingness of areas of natural beauty and culture.Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) and Emelike (2010) agree that the Nigeria tourism industry is present-day(prenominal)ly operating down the stairs its potential. Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) reinforces this by articulateing: â€Å" touristry in Nigeria is highly undeveloped, considering the West African nations available tourist resources: land, climate, vegetation, people and their festivals, big art treasures, national monuments, ports, traditional sports, and music. ” The World last tourism Council had positive projections for Nigeria and South Africa in terms of how the travel and tourism industries would increase the countries GDP. World Travel touristry Council (2011) belie ves that by 2021 Nigeria’s travel and tourism industry would rise by 1. % and South Africa’s industry would rise by 5. 1% in contri only whenion to the GDP. Nigeria and South Africa on the Butler’s (1980) talcum Model The plot below is based on Butler’s talcum Model which exhibits the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa. Figure 1 6 3. 9 1. 4 656,000 0 cum: Butler (1980) Butler’s talcum Model supra illustrates that over time the number of tourists traveling to Nigeria and South Africa change magnitude so both countries went from the exploration wooden leg to the Involvement typify in which local people became more involved in the tourism businesses which changed Nigeria’s and South Africa’s environment to the study Stage.The changes at the culture Stage encouraged conflicting tourism business to invest in both countries and this lead to the de separationism Stage, for subject Hilton loose branches in Abuja, N igeria and chimneypiece township, South Africa. southafrica. info (2011) revealed that the pertly opened Hilton blanket townspeople Hotel is the third Hilton Hotel in South Africa. The Consolidation Stage for Nigeria and South Africa was positive since there was investment in both countries tourism industries however the Consolidation Stage went into the filiation Stage due to conflicts in Jos, Nigeria provided in South Africa the Consolidation Stage went to the Rejuvenation Stage because local tourism businesses are re-investing and making improvements to their businesses. Applying Nigeria to Butler’s TALC ModelStage 1: exploration The Exploration Stage is the do in which tourists brieflyer started see Nigeria. The World Group (2011) indicates that the first international tourists came to Nigeria in 1995 and the total number of international tourists in 1995 was 656,000. Stage 2: Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was an increase of tourists to Nigeri a and local people started businesses within the tourism industry. Tassiopoulos (2009) agrees with William (2009) who refers to Cohen (1972, p. 8) who says that: â€Å"Some local residents will react to the economic opportunities by providing prefatory facilities for tourists (such as accommodation). ” Stage 3: evolution The tuition Stage is a stand for that has caused changes to the physical environment in Nigeria since foreign companies, such as luxury hotels have set up their businesses. Wall et al (2006) and Huybers (2007) believe that there are explicit changes to the physical appearance of the area and local facilities may stop operating if they are unavailing to compete with new-modern-up-to- date facilities.Stage 4: Consolidation The Consolidation Stage refers to the destiny point whereby famous businesses now have new branches and franchises to supply the tourists with products and services they want and are use to back in their countries of origin. hospita lity Net (2010) indicates that surmount Western opened a new branch called The Best Western Island Beach Hotel in Lagos, Nigeria. talk of the town Retail (2010) reveals that Spar has entered the Nigerian retail sector by opening a Spar supermarket in a new shopping centre in Lekki-Ajah which is an emerging area of Lagos.Stage 6: freeze off The Decline Stage is evident in a city called Jos in Northern Nigeria that was one time popular and visited by legion(predicate) a(prenominal) tourists. Iyanu (2011) discusses Jos and indicates that many yrs ago the city was tending(p) the slogan ‘The home of Peace and touristry’ as it could boost of a city that was full of tranquillity and had well-known attractions which inward and outbound tourist visited. However there has been a dramatic decline in the number of tourists to the city throughout 2011due to religious conflicts. Walker (2011) negotiation almost the conflicts in Jos and believes that the conflicts mostly st ems from Muslims settlers feeling marginalised by the original Christians.Applying South Africa to Butler’s TALC Model Stage 1: Exploration The Exploration Stage refers to the distri unlessor point when tourists ab initio started coming to South Africa. South info (2011) reveals that internationalistic tourists began visiting South Africa after Apartheid in 1994 and the total number of world(prenominal) tourists that visited South Africa was 3. 9 million. Stage 2: Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was a rise in tourists coming to South Africa so the indigenous people got involved in the tourism sector.Dale (2006) and Disgupta (2011) agree that Indigenous people see business opportunities in the tourism industry so they decide to open businesses that offer facilities for the tourists, for instance guest houses and restaurants. Stage 3: Development The Development Stage has occurred as more multi-national companies came into South Africa to establish their accommodation establishments, synthetic or purpose-built attractions. Dale (2006) and Devashish (2011) believe that the multi-national companies such as hotels could take over the accommodation sector in a destination because the local hotels cannot compete with them. Stage 4: ConsolidationThe Consolidation Stage relates to well-known businesses backing up to franchise and cater to the round-the-clock inflow of tourists to South Africa. Ivanovic (2009, p. 202) discusses the consolidation stage in South Africa by saying that: â€Å"In this stage the major franchises in food, hotel and retail chains enter the market, such as McDonalds, Hilton and Dolce and Gabbana. ” Stage 6: Rejuvenation The Rejuvenation Stage is the stage in which local businesses in South Africa have decided to invest in their businesses by spending more money to upgrade and increase the number of attractions offered to tourists. Bruyn (2009, p. 03) talks about Durban Beachfront in Durban, South Africa a nd states that: â€Å"Durban Beachfront has rejuvenation projects such as the R21. 5 million ($ 3. 2 million) Wilson’s Wharf, uShaka Marine World Theme Park. ” Theoretical Framework The diagram below is an adapted version of ready to hand(p)’s (1994) Product Lifecycle Model that illustrates the different types of transportation in Nigeria and South Africa. transferral in Nigeria and South Africa 650 450 250 50 40 30 20 0 The adapted model above indicates that the trains in South Africa started operating in 1860 and in Nigeria the trains starting operating in 1902.In South Africa the first international flights disembarked in 1945 and in Nigeria the first international flights flew in 1958. Lawal (2011) agrees with Nigeria’s The worldwide Civil Aviation Organisation field of study that reveals 30 million flights arrived in Nigeria. Irwin (2011) believes South Africa’s airport improvements enabled 40 million passengers to come on flights into So uth Africa. There is a lack of records in regards to how many railway passengers travelled seeing that records were principally noted later on in the twentieth century. Nigeria’s recorded figures start from 1964 which showed that 11. 2 million passengers travelled by rail, in 1974 4. 3 million, 1978 6. million, in 1984 Nigeria reached its peak in terms of passenger numbers, because went down to 3 million in 1991, 1. 6 million passengers in 2003 still in 2009 and 2010 the number of railway passengers grew again. South Africa’s recorded figures started in 1992 and exhibited that there were 286 million railway passenger, 2007 13. 8 million, then went up to 646 million and declined to 520 million railway passengers in 2010. somatogenetic Infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa 1. 5 Airports Both Akpan (2011) and Ayodele (2011) believe Nigeria’s airports in major cities in Nigeria are in a horrendous condition.Ayodele (2011) reinforces this by explaining ho w passengers were affected when there was a power cut at Lagos Airport by stating: â€Å"On May 9, the death build was filled to the brim with passengers who were unable to access their luggage because the outage had affected the conveyer belt belt which had already aged. ” Eze (2011) and Daily self-confidence (2011) both agree that Murtala Muhammed Airport in Lagos was built thirty-two eld ago, the airport was originally built to accommodate one million passengers however the airport certainly reaches twelve million passengers and this has had a negative impact on the facilities in the airport.Eze (2011) discusses petulance in the state of Nigerian airports but mainly focused on the Murtala Muhammed global Airport (MMIA) Lagos and recognises the fact that the airport is a gateway into the country and views the facilities as a shame by saying â€Å"The Murtala Muhammed planetary Airport (MMIA) Lagos, in particular have deteriorated to the extent they have become an embarrassment. ” Afrique Avenir (2011) acknowledges that The Managing theatre director of Skyway Aviation Handling friendship Limited, Lagos, Mr. Isaac Orulagbagbe has criticised the infrastructure in Nigerian airports. Afrique Avenir (2011) agrees with Mr Orulagbagbe who believes that the federal official government inescapably to improve the infrastructure in Murtala Mohammed world-wide Airport because the airport is full to its capacity. However Harding (2011) talks about South Africa infrastructure in the airport which showed that the infrastructure was impressive as South Africa won awards based on the county’s airports.South African Government Information (2011) notes a statement from Ms Hlahla, ACSA who agrees with Claude Harding by saying: â€Å"Current airport infrastructure in South Africa has been recognised as being of world class standard. ” Harding (2011) and SouthAfrica (2011) both give explanations of the reasons to why Tambo Airport which is also known as Johannesburg foreign Airport was voted the second most improved. Tambo Airport won since it provides satisfactory facilities for seventeen million passengers each year, the building was expanded and the airport plays a probatory role in the city’s economy. Nkosi (2011) and Skytrax (2011) both discuss chimneypiece townspeople outside(a) Airport winning awards.On one hand Nkosi (2011) explains the factors that contributed to Cape town International Airport getting an award for the surmount Airport in Africa by referring to Airports Council International survey which indicated that Cape Town International Airport had high scores in terms of the take aim of cleanliness in the wash suite and ease of passengers being about get trolleys and find car parking spaces. On the other hand Skytrax (2011) also explains that Cape Town International Airport got an award for staff Service by stating: â€Å"Cape Town International Airport wins the Staff Service Excel lence Award for Airports in Africa, as passengers recognise the high woodland of front-line service delivery. ” 1. 6 waysBoth Abubakar (2011) and Ezekiel (2011) believe the roads in Nigeria are in an appalling state and this has caused a profound number of car accidents and deaths. BluePrint (2011) refers to The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) who say: â€Å"There were a total of 20,910 road accidents or crashes in 2010 and the total mortality or deaths caused by these accidents were 6,853. This means that 6, 853 Nigerians mixed-up their lives to accidents, caused by bad roads crosswise the country. ” Ezekiel (2011) and Samade (2011) both indicate the factors that lead to the myopic state of the roads in Nigeria and agrees with the look of Transportation Mrs.Diezani Alison-Madueke that the present conditions of roads in Nigeria are a consequent of the lack of maintenance culture. Southafricagoodnews (2011) and SustainableTransport&Mobility (2011) agree that 50% of the roads are in a fearsome state. Arizona Auto Accident lawyer News (2011) confirms this by saying: â€Å"The 2010 December/January festive season in South Africa resulted in over 1500 deaths as a result of accidents on the road and upstart statistics indicate that an average of 36 people die on South Africa roads on an average day. ” The Transport Minister took action and made a road safety law in 2011 which helped to change magnitude the number of deaths due to bad roads. allAfrica. om (2011) Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele has commended the road transport industry for their efforts in implementing the Road Transport counseling System (RTMS) to reduce road deaths. SustainableTransport&Mobility (2011) also discusses the factors that have contributed to the state of the roads in South Africa and agrees with The South African Road Federation President Mutshutshu Nxumalo that the current state of roads in South Africa are due to brusk management sk ills and also a measly maintenance culture. 1. 7 cater lynchpin tread Sunday (2011) and ThisDayLive (2011) agree that Nigeria’s railways have been neglected but ThisDayLive (2011) acknowledges the fact that the railways are improving as new trains were acquired stating that: The nation’s comatose rail system appears to be roaring back to life with the recent commissioning of the newly acquired 25 modern locomotive engines be to the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) by President Goodluck Jonathan. ” Euromonitor International (2011) supports the fact that there are new trains with figures that show there has been an increase in the number of passengers travelling by train in Nigeria seeing that 1. 9 million passengers travelled on the train in 2009 and 2. 1 million passengers travelled by train in 2010. However there are arguments about the state of South Africa’s railways. Roberts (2011) states that: â€Å"The surmount description of the current (201l ) state of railway preservation in the country was in all probability ‘parlous. ”BRICS (2011) reinforces this with figures that illustrate passengers traffic by railway declined in 2009 to 644 million passengers and further declined in 2010 to 520 million passengers, but Euromonitor International (2011) disagrees with the figures and shows an increase in passengers carried by rail. African Online News (2011) supports Euromonitor International (2011) by stating that â€Å"The biggest growth came from a great rise in the usage of rail services. ” Furthermore Railways Africa (2011) reveals that train accidents increased as there were eight train accidents between April 2010 and March 2011. 1. 8 Accommodation pull (2011) notes why hotels are expensive and agrees with the Managing managing director of Thornberry Africa, Mr Church who believes that in Nigeria the hotel rooms are expensive. This is due to the fact that hotels have high operating cost which include ge nerating their own electricity supply. Emelike. 2011) refers to Ajonumah who believes that in Nigeria international hotels, for instance Sheraton Lagos Hotel have 85 percent+ occupancy rate due to the fact that business tourists and expatriates continuously invade the hotel rooms. Lenhart (2011) discusses costs of staying in hotels and agrees with Mr Anderson international merchandising director for Sun International, a South Africa-based hotel company who believes that hotel room prices in cities like Cape Town, South Africa are lessen with better rates and more availability. Mintel (2011) acknowledges that South Africa has different accommodations from guesthouses to five-star hotels. SouthAfrica. nfo (2011) agrees with Mintel (2011) and states: â€Å"These hotels include the Cape Grace, Arabella Sheraton Grand, disconcert Bay and Mount Nelson hotels in Cape Town; the Grande Roche in Paarl outside Cape Town; The Plettenberg on the Western Cape Garden Route; and the Grace in Ro sebank, Michelangelo, Saxon and Westcliff hotels in Johannesburg. ” Africa Point. com Online Travel gene (2011) recognises that Nigeria also has a wide var. of accommodation ranging from budget to luxury hotels. However Africa Point. com Online Travel Agent (2011) and Maps of World (2011) both agree that most of the luxury hotels with international standards are situated in Lagos and Abuja.Maps of World (2011) reinforces that this by mentioning two well-known luxury hotels in Lagos †Eko Hotels and Suites and Sofitel Lagos Moorhouse Ikoyi Hotel. 1. 9 Medical Facilities health of Nations (2011), Travel. State. Gov (2011) and Ngex (2011) all agree that government medical facilities are lacking in terms of modern medical equipment and medications however Ngex (2011) notes doctors and hospitals tend to ask patients for cash before medical treatment is given. Allianz (2011), Immigration South Africa (2011) and South Africa (2011) also agree that medical facilities in Sout h Africa are great particularly in private hospitals. The nurses and general practitioners train in the top medical schools in South Africa.Connell (2011) and Immigration South Africa (2011) also acknowledge that some international tourists only visit South Africa to receive unique(predicate) medical treatment to prevent them from wait in long queues in their country or the medical treatment is less expensive compared to their country of origin. Nigeria and South Africa have agreed to abide by African Union agreements such as the AU Constitutive Act (2002). South Africa being a part of B. R. I. C this is economically beneficial to the country. South Africa (2011) refers to the International dealing and Cooperation Minister Maite Nkoane-Mashabane, who was briefing journalists in capital of South Africa last Tuesday and said: â€Å"South Africa would both benefit from and contribute to the groupings ambitious conclusion of expanding inter-trade amongst BRICS countries to US$400- billion to $500-billion by the year 2015. ”It could be said that as a result of reviewing literature the researcher has increased knowledge about what physical infrastructure actually consists of, an insight into how important infrastructure is to a country and the components that make-up the tourism industry. It could also be said that Nigeria’s and South Africa’s political background has affected the countries positively, negatively and has had implications on the countries physical infrastructure. On one hand both countries experienced the happiness of becoming independent from Britain but on the other hand not long after independence Nigeria was contain by the military leader worldwide Yakubu Gowon and South Africa was ruled by the apartheid leader Pieter Willem Botha. Presently Nigeria and South Africa have pick out Democratic Presidents which are Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in Nigeria and South African President Jacob Zuma.In addition it could be argued that some of the actual differences between Nigeria and South Africa currently populate as a result of how overmuch colonisation has affected both nations differently. It could be said that the western world has had a stronger influence on South African culture compared to Nigerian culture because South Africa was colonised by two European countries Britain and The Netherlands this is evident through the fact that many South Africans speak Afrikaans which stems from the Dutch language and several cities in South Africa have Dutch names for framework Johannesburg and Bloomberg whereas the majority of states and cities in Nigeria have Nigerian names and a high percentage of Nigerians speak at least one Nigerian language.Furthermore another difference is that conflicts in Nigeria stem from disagreements between different ethnic groups whereas in South Africa conflict stemmed from an unfair system of racial segregation called apartheid imposed by the whites against black s. Interestingly both countries share a political similarity, for example Nigeria and South Africa had civilian rule as the democratic presidents who were elected in the1990’s both men had originally been in prison and not long after being released from prison elections took place and the Nigerian President was Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999 and the South African President was Nelson Mandela in 1994. Literature Review Matrix Author |Year | patronage |Journal |Relevant Content | effectual references the | | | | | | |author makes | |Buhalis |2000 | |tourism Management |* Buhalis’s Framework | | |Butler |2009 | |Elsevier |* Butler’s (1980) TALC |Agarwal and Baum | |Butler |2006 |tourism field of honor Life Cycle: | |* ready to hand(predicate)’s Product Life Cycle |Handy | | | |Conceptual and theoretical| | | | | | |issues | | | | |Butler |1980 | |Canadian Geographer |* Butler’s (1980) TALC Model | | |Connell |2011 |Medical touristry | |*People are going to South Africa for Cosmetic | | | | | | | operating theatre | | |Dutt & Ros |2008 |International Handbook of | |History & translation of physical Infrastructure |Ingram & Fay Hirschman | | |Development political economy | | | | |Guffery & Almont |2009 |Essentials of Business | |* Secondary Research | | | | | talk | | | | |Guttal |2008 |IFI’s Tourism Perspectives| |* Definition and negative impacts of Physical | | | | |and Debates | |Infrastructure | | |Hall and Williams |2008 |Tourism and Innovation | |* History of Tourism Industry |Lofgren | |Mascardo |2008 |Building Community | |* Positive impacts of Physical Infrastructure | | | | |Capacity for Tourism | | | | | | |Development | | | | |Parks |2007 |Contemporary Sport | |* Definition of the Tourism Industry | | | | |Management | | | |The impacts of the 3 A’s in Nigeria in comparisons to South Africa |The impacts of the 3 A’s |Nigeria and South Africa | | | | |Accessibility |It is eviden t that accessibility has had a major impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Accessibility is | |(Roads) |very poor an indication of this is the fact that the numbers of deaths are increasing in Nigeria every year as a | | |result of car accidents and no action is being interpreted to reduce accidents which has led to so many people’s | | |deaths. | | | | |Amenities |It is also evident that amenities have had a major impact in Nigeria and South Africa.Amenities for example | |(Hotels) |hotels are diverse in both countries and both African Countries are able to cater to the different needs and | | |wants of business tourists and leisure tourists that visit the two African Nations however there is a lack of | | |awareness in regards to the less expensive accommodations available in Nigeria. | | | | |Ancillary Services |It is very clear that ancillary services have had a greater impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa.Ancillary| |(Hospitals) |Services for instance hospit als are thoroughgoingly poor as they are not adequately equipped whereas in South Africa | | |many people use the ancillary services for example South African surgeons perform cosmetic surgeries in South | | |African hospitals on patients from around the world. | The table below assesses the impacts of the 3 A’s accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Table 2 Has Physical infrastructure had a positive or negative influence on both countries tourism industries? AirportsInterestingly even though airport infrastructure is in a terrible state in Nigeria it has not had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry as Nigerian Airports, for example Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos received sixty-five percent of passengers who were business tourists on British Airways Flights (page 12, Jacobson, 2011). Airport infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry since its improvemen ts lead to being chosen to hold the world cup which attracted leisure tourists. Roads Road infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry and South Africa’s tourism industry because domestic tourists or people visiting friends and family (VFR’s) have been involved in car accidents which have consequently lead to their deaths.Rail Rail infrastructure had a positive influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry subsequently there has been a rise in people travelling on the trains. Rail infrastructure had a negative influence on South Africa’s tourism industry as a result there has been a decrease in people travelling by trains. Accommodation Hotels had a positive influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry since it brings in money into Nigeria when business tourists pay to stay in Nigerian hotels, for example Eko Hotels and Suites however the prices of hotel rooms has a negative influence because ultimately tourists pay extreme pr ices to cover the operating costs of the hotels.Hotels had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry because it also brings more capital into South Africa as leisure tourists and business tourists can also pay to stay in hotels that have reasonably-priced hotel rooms that meet their needs and budgets, for instance business tourists can go to Table Bay Hotel in Cape Town, South Africa. Medical Facilities The current infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigeria’s tourism industry since people like domestic tourists may go to a hospital and cannot get medication or there is no modern medical equipment available if they needed to have an operation. The current infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africa’s tourism industry because more international tourists come to South Africa for cosmetic surgery (Page 24,Connell,2011).Chapter 2 Methodology 2. 1 Choice of research design Secondary research was chosen instead of primary research be cause the secondary research modes enabled the aim to be achieved more effectively due to the fact that there was so much applicable secondary research that was available. The researcher could independently get secondary research as soon as possible since secondary sources can be accessed online. Guffery et al (2009, p. 256) states that â€Å"Many writers turn to them first because they are fast, easy to use and available online. ” There was also control since decisions were made in terms of what information was included or excluded. Issue | inclusion body |Exclusion | |The year of publishing †academic materials: |The researcher included Journal articles that were |The researcher did not include any Journals which were | |academic Journals |promulgated since year 2000 but one of the journal | create forty eld ago seeing that it would have been | | |articles was published in 1980 it had to be used |too old and not have the current up-date information that| | |bec ause Butler’s TALC Model (1980) Model had |the researcher could utilise in the dissertation. | | |essential information that was needed in the | | | |dissertation. | |The year of Publishing †Textbooks |The researcher included textbooks that have |The researcher did not use textbooks that were published | | |published portion information that could be |in the 1980’s and 1990’s because there were up-to-date | | |linked to the aim and objectives of the |books available. | | |dissertation, for instance information about the | | | |tourism industry. | |The year of Publishing †News Websites |The researcher included News websites that had |The researcher excluded News websites that had articles | | |articles which were published in the past three |published in 2008 since there was less information about | | |years because there was pertinent contemporary |Nigeria’s infrastructure compared to South Africa’s | | |information availabl e on the news websites. infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher subscribe to avoid | | | |having uneven comparisons when discussing Nigeria and | | | |South Africa. | cellular inclusion/Exclusion Matrix Table capital research would involve travelling to Nigeria and South Africa, which would have been very time go through as this dissertation has a limited deadline and sufficient information may not have been collected before the deadline this would negatively affect the dissertation. The researcher choose to use contemporary research since it is up-to-date information.The researcher did not use information published in 2008 because there was less relevant information about Nigeria’s physical infrastructure compared to South Africa’s physical infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher would not have be able to effectively meet the aim or fairly compare Nigeria to South Africa. The secondary research included the usage of relevant academic materials, for example Min tel Reports and the Global foodstuff Information Database published by Euromonitor International which are market research reports from the academic website Athens. Mintel and Euromonitor International were used to attain essential information like secondary data. For instance statistical data which was found by using keywords like rail passengers and accommodation into the search engines. The other secondary esearch was through with(p) by only extracting important information such as applicable quotes, from recital appropriate Nigerian Newspapers, for instance ThisDayLive, Daily Trust, Punch and BluePrint and suitable South African News websites, for example Southafricagoodnews, SouthAfrica and African websites such as Africa Online News and Afrique Avenir. However the researcher is aware that newspaper publishers and websites can be potentially sloped. The researcher maintained reliableness relevance with newspapers by using newspaper articles that criticised the infrastructur e rather than pretending that the infrastructure was perfect. The researcher also used relevant textbooks and academic journals such as Tourism Management because academic journals are not biased.In addition The Travel & Tourism warlikeness Index was utilised in order to obtain statistical data to footmark infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. The researcher compared figures from 2009 and 2011. Furthermore the researcher also compared The Travel & Tourism Competitive Index indicators with The Global scrap Index indicators in 2009 and 2011. 2. 2 Construction of the method acting Assessment established |Authors claim |Position of the |Is the Author |Is the Authors claim accepted? | | |Author |biased? | |Ime Akpan (2011) pitiful obsolete facilities in airports in Nigeria | source |yes |Yes as the claim is based on Nigeria’s Aviation Minister’s | | | | |statement. | |Claude Harding (2011) South Africa has great airports. | source |No |Yes since the claim is based on South Africa winning Skytrax 2011 | | | | |World Airport Awards. |Toba Agboola (2011) high operating costs in restaurants. | author |No |Yes because the claim is based on the statement by the Nigerian | | | | |restaurant Tantalizers. | |BRICS (2011) Less people are travelling by rail in South Africa. | |No |Yes the claim comes from a BRICS report. | |Punch (2011) It is costly to stay in hotels in Nigeria. | |No |Yes the claim is based on The Managing Director of Thornberry | | | | |Africa, Mr.David Church statement who is in the hospitality | | | | |industry high hotel prices caused by high running costs. | |Mintel (2011) South Africa has great a variety of hotels to suit | |No |Yes since the claim is based on an psychoanalysis of the accommodation | |different budgets. | | |sector in South Africa. | |Bongani Nkosi (2011) Cape Town International Airport best airport |Writer |No |Yes because the claim is based upon Airports Council International| |in Africa. | | |survey. | |Afrique Avenir (2011) Nigeria airports are in a terrible state. | |Yes the claim is based upon The Managing Director of Skyway | | | | |Aviation Handling bon ton Limited statement. | The assessment schematic above was constructed to exhibit what authors have said, state the authors position, establish whether the authors has written in a biased manner and whether the researcher of this dissertation accepts what the authors have claimed. 2. 3 Sample To select the literature, the researcher would use contemporary literature that reveals significant information about Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary in Nigeria and South Africa. Non-probability sampling methods like snowball sampling would not be used the researcher ould utilise the thumping sampling probability sampling method since it is the most suitable method as the researcher could apply the method seeing that this type of probability sampling method tends to be used when quantitative data is being collec ted. Furthermore the researcher used figures from The Travel & Tourism Competitive Index that state the rankings and different elements of physical infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. United Nations World Food Program Office (2011) reveals that chance sampling is mostly utilised during quantitative data collection methods. The fundamental reason for probability sampling is to split a study into different categories like children and adults when analyse population. 2. Procedure Secondary data which is under specific pillars were selected from the Travel & Tourism Competitive Index from the 2009 and 2011 in the World economical Travel & Tourism fight Report for Nigeria and South Africa because of its relevance to this dissertation seeing that it enabled the researcher to meet the fourth objective as this included quality of the airport infrastructure which comes under 6th pillar: Airport transport infrastructure, quality of roads, quality of rail infrastruc ture which is under the seventh pillar: Ground transport infrastructure, hotel rooms which comes under the 8th pillar: Tourism infrastructure and Hospital beds which is under the quaternate pillar: Health and hygiene.The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index rankings from the 2009 and 2011were compared with The Global Competitiveness Index rankings in 2009 and 2011. 2. 5 Plan for Data psychoanalysis The secondary data would be used to meet the fourth objective. The analysis includes secondary data from the Travel and Tourism competitive index which would be in a table format seeing that it is an easy format for the ref to understand the data and the findings from the data. The analysis would also evaluate the findings that link back to the literature review, Butler’s (1980) TALC Model and the Theoretical Framework.Chapter 3 Discussion and Analysis This chapter discusses and analyses the findings from the indexes and the literature review. The table below illustrates where Nigeria’s and South Africa’s airports, roads, rail, hotel rooms and hospital beds ranks are positioned out of one carbon and thirty-three countries in 2009 and 2011 from The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and also has the findings about the infrastructure. The higher the ranking the worse the level of the country’s infrastructure. Nigeria and South Africa’s rankings on The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index |Nigeria |South Africa | Travel and Tourism |2009 |2011 |2009 |2011 |Findings from the infrastructure rankings | |Competitiveness Index | | | | | | |Airport Transport Infrastructure | | | | |On one hand the quality of the airport infrastructure rank in Nigeria has | | | | | | |dramatically increased which clearly indicated that the airport infrastructure in| |Quality of air transport | | | | |Nigeria has deteriorated between 2009 and 2011. | |infrastr\r\n'